CRUSADE AND SOCIETY IN EASTERN EUROPE: THE HOSPITAL AND THE TEMPLE IN POLAND AND POMERANIA 1145 - 1370 Submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of London's School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 1994. Paul Vincent Smith -1- fi\ (LONDON) U:iv ABSTRACT OF THESIS This thesis uses the record of benefaction in Europe to the Military Orders of the Hospital and the Temple to measure regional crusading support and to provide a description of the contribution of countries outside the crusading heartland, in particular the Empire, Poland, the Czech lands and Hungary, to Europe's crusading enterprise between 1145 and 1291. Through critical interpretation of published sources and secondary literature, making use of more than 400 original documents, among them several from the Hospitallers' Prague archive which remain unpublished, it examines in detail, for the first time as a whole, the endowment of both orders and the establishment of their houses on the territory of the Piast rulers of Poland and in the two Slav principalities of Pomerania. At the same time it assesses the development of the Military Orders' estates in terms of the relative importance of initial endowment, subsequent acquisition, plantation of new properties and alteration in the terms of ownership; in so doing, it aims to contribute to the correction of a long-standing but erroneous model for the economic development of 13th and 14th century Poland. Through an examination of local conditions it postulates a model for the creation of Hospitaller and Templar houses and the evolution of provincial hierarchies. It examines available information for the internal administration of both orders, the activity of their officials, and the number, national- ity and regional connections of their membership. It provides new information on the evolution of independent prioral offices in the Hospital's two provinces of Bohemia and of Eastern Germany from 1291. The local involvement of both orders is set in context and closely defined for the regions under consideration. The penetration of Eastern European society by crusading ideology is examined as a necessary background to reassessment of the early activity of 'national' military orders and the Teutonic Knights in the Baltic theatre. -2- TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE-PAGE 1 ABSTRACT OF THESIS 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 FOREWORD 6 CHAPTER 1 THE MILITARY ORDERS AND THE CRUSADES (1) The Crusade and the Crusading Movement 13 (2) The Hospital and the Temple 19 (3) The Hospital's Contacts with Germany before the Third Crusade 29 (4) The Hospital's Czech Plantation 35 (5) The Hospital in Hungary and Austria 43 (6) The Proliferation of Templar Houses in Germany and Eastern Europe 46 (7) The Teutonic Knights 51 (8) The Fall of Outremer and the End of the Crusades 56 (9) The Aftermath 60 CHAPTER 2 THE HOSPITAL IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND (1) The Kingdom of Poland 67 (2) Henry of Sandomierz's Foundation in Zago 82 (3) The Liberties of Zagoá 92 (4) Jaksa of MiechOw and the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre 108 (5) Mieszko the Old and the Poznar1 Hospital 113 (6) The Liberties of the Poznar'i Properties 121 (7) The Hospital's Possessions in Kujawy and Mazovia 135 (9) The Poznari House in the 14th Century: Kociari 141 -3- CHAPTER 3 THE HOSPITAL IN SILESIA (1) Piast Silesia 147 (2) The Tithe Endowment of the First Silesian Houses 152 (3) The Donations of Bardo and Vosiów 160 (4) The Donation of Strzegom 166 (5) The Development of Strzegom 173 (6) The Development of Vosiáw '188 (7) The Development of Wielki Tyniec 198 (8) The Acquisition of Town Parishes in Silesia (i) ZZotoryja (Goldberg) 210 (ii) Brzeg (Brieg) 215 (iii) Lwówek (Ldwenberg) 221 (iv) Ciep%owoda (Warmbrünn) 223 (v) DzierzoniOw (Reichenbach) 226 (9) The Dotal Endowment of the Hospital's Town Parishes 228 (10) The Corpus Christi Hospital in Wroclaw 238. (11) The Possessions in Opole and Opava: The Houses of Grobniki and Makowo 243 CHAPTER 4 THE HOSPITAL IN POMERANIA (1) Poland and Pomerania in the Piast Period 253 (2) The Hospital's Beginnings in Szczecin- Pomerania 256 (3) The Houses in SZawno and Stargard 262 (4) KoZobrzeg and Darlowo 267 (5) The Law-Suit of 1269-70 273 (6) Copan and Zachan 282 (7) The Hospital's Beginnings in Gdarisk- Pomerania 286 (8) The Development of Skarszewy and LubieszOw 295 (9) The Sale of the GdarSsk-Pomeranian Properties 304 -4- CHAPTER 5 HOSPITAL OFFICES AND OFFICIALS (1) The Recipients of Benefaction 307 (2) The Use of Intermediaries 310 (3) 'Magistri' and Priors 312 (4) Commanders 315 (5) The Grand-Priory of Bohemia 319 (6) Pomeranian Officials and the 'Herrenmeistertum' 324 CHAPTER 6 THE TEMPLE (1) The Lubusz Territory: Lietzen and Chwarszczany 328 (2) Kostrzysl (KListrin) 335 (3) The Temple in Silesia: Olenica 338 (4) The Wielkopoiskan Dotation: Tempelburg (Czapiinek) 345 (5) Szczecin-Pomerania: Roreke, Bahn 349 (6) Donations to the Temple in Mazovia and Malopolska 355 (7) The Templar Province of Alemannia and Slavia 358 (8) The Transfer of Teniplar Property to the Hospital 365 CONCLUSION: The Transmission of Crusading Ideology in Eastern Europe 376 MAPS: 1. Houses of the Hospital and Temple in Poland and Pomerania 1145-1370 382 2. Silesian Houses (Detail) 383 3. The Hospital in Pomerania, Lubusz and the Mark: 14th Century 384 -5- A LIST OF PLACE-NAMES IN POLISH GERMAN AND CZECH A. SILESIA 385 B. POMERANIA, LUBUSZ AND THE MARK 386 BIBLIOGRAPHY: (1) Archival and Primary Sources 387 (2) Published Source Collections 391 (3) Secondary Works 395 INDEX OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS QUOTED IN THE TEXT 405 CORRECT IONS I would like to record my gratitude to the two examiners of this thesis, Dr. David Morgan of University College, London, and Dr. Alan Forey of Durham University, for their kind and careful attention in reading the text. It has been necessary for me to insert three additional notes, signalled with an asterisk, on pages 24, 33, and 46. Material corrections have also been made on pages 31, 57, 60, 187 and 192. -6- FOREWORD That there is no analytic account describing the European possessions and presence of the Military Orders of the Hospital and the Temple may be attributed to a specific problem of historiography, which it is intended that this work shall address; this lack applies equally whether it is the Eastern European, Scandinavian, British, German, or even the French possessions that are considered. There are certainly enough promisingly-titled works, for Germany and the East no less than for France, on the 'Command- ery of X.' or the 'Knightly Order of V. in Z.' listed in biblio- graphies to suggest that only the drudgery of a competent assemblage is required. This is not, however, the case and the reasons for this are not far to seek. Local historians, encyclo- paedists and the writers of graduate theses tend to take their cue from those they consider experts, with the result that general observations of a fundamentally unsatisfactory kind are merely presented with reference to the local setting. In Eastern European conditions, but particularly in Silesia and Pomerania, two regions whose experience will be prominently discussed in this study, generations of writers were willing to address historical problems from the early medieval period only within the framework of an all-embracing conceptual structure, which shall go in this study, - reflecting, but it is hoped, not repeating the looseness of application of its proponents, - under the name of "Germanisation". -7- Two relatively recent works have influenced the approach I have adopted. Both are concerned with the presence of military orders in a region of Europe where some military function was intended and performed. The study of A. Forey on the Templars in the Kingdom of Aragon pointed the danger of making a facile association between grants and donations and the specific discharge of a particular military task. F. Benninghoven's account of the brief history of the Sword-Brothers in Livon.ia separated the context of creation of a 'national' military order from the processes through which it grew into its task and achieved a position of dominance. The Livonian experiment was a prototype for the Frankenstein's monster of the Teutonic Knights, for which Benninghoven has reproduced the anatomy in superb detail. When I was starting this work, XH Nowak kindly sent me copies of his own articles on the operation of another local order in Poland, that of the Sword-Brothers of Dobrzyri, which was later incorporated into the Order of the Teutonic Knights. The work of these three scholars, and also the general observations on the early history of the Teutonic Knights of Professor Karál Górski, suggested to me that the definite location of benefaction to the Orders of the Hospital and the Temple within a chronological and geopolitical context was the correct method of proceeding, and this is what I have attempted in the pages that follow. By contrast, W. Kuhn's much-bibliographed article on the Military Orders as defenders of frontiers in Eastern Europe is in its text redolent of received wisdom, in its title resonant of unquestioned assumptions on the topic of Germany and the East -8- and "Drang nach Osten". Such an identification of militant Christianity with nation-building is by no means the prerogative of any one country. Germany, Poland, Hungary and Russia, Serbia also, have all registered the trademark of 'Antemurale', but to do so invariably involves a species of confidence trick, a disdainful wave of the hand to indicate undifferentiated barbar- ians in the East. It is also distasteful, but perhaps inevitable in an Erewhonian way, to encounter such characterisations in an English context as the specie of worldly-wisdom.