Wai 2200, #A195 Ngātiawa/Te Āti Awa Oral & Traditional History Report Figure 1: Whakarongotai Marae, date unknown Lou Chase Wai 2200 Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal February 2018 Source for cover photo: Kāpiti Coast District Council - Heritage trail information: http://www.kapiticoast.govt.nz/whats-on/things-to-do-in-kapiti/Heritage- Trail/waikanae/whakarongotai-marae/ CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................. 1 Mihi ........................................................................................................................................ 1 About the Researcher .............................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 4 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4 Report Commission ................................................................................................................ 4 Claimant Group ...................................................................................................................... 6 Ngātiawa/Te Āti Awa Hapū ................................................................................................. 6 Nomenclature .................................................................................................................... 10 Claim Issues ...................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 11 Approach to the Commission ............................................................................................ 11 Gathering and Using Oral Testimony ................................................................................ 11 Identifying and Using Documentary Sources ................................................................... 15 Sources.................................................................................................................................. 15 Ngātiawa/Te Ātiawa-generated Sources ........................................................................... 15 Reference Works and Local Histories ............................................................................... 17 Contemporary Websites .................................................................................................... 18 Scope and Limitations .......................................................................................................... 19 Report Outline ...................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER ONE: ORIGINS AND MIGRATIONS ............................................................ 23 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 23 1.2 Tribal Origins ............................................................................................................ 23 1.3 Southern Migrations .................................................................................................. 29 1.3.1 Pressures in Taranaki, c.1818 – 1822 ................................................................. 30 1.3.2 Heke Tātaramoa (1822) ..................................................................................... 34 1.3.3 Battle of Waiorua (1824) .................................................................................... 38 1.3.4 Heke Niho Puta (c.1824).................................................................................... 41 1.3.5 Heke Whirinui (1828) ........................................................................................ 46 1.3.6 Heke Tamateuaua (1832) ................................................................................... 49 1.3.7 Heke Paukena and the battle of Haowhenua (1834) .......................................... 50 1.3.8 Re-allocation of land interests after the battle of Haowhenua (1834) ............... 54 1.3.9 Battle at Kuititanga (1839) ................................................................................. 57 1.4 Ngātiawa/Te Āti Awa Signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi..................................... 61 1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER TWO: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS BEFORE 1850 ..................................... 66 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 66 2.2 Waikanae Settlement Sites ........................................................................................ 66 2.3 Nga Taenga: The Arrivals .......................................................................................... 69 2.4 Waikanae Ecological Analysis .................................................................................. 69 2.5 Waikanae Cultural Interpretation .............................................................................. 71 2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 73 i CHAPTER THREE: TE ĀTIAWA KI WHAKARONGOTAI TODAY ........................... 74 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 74 3.2 The Rohe ................................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Demographics............................................................................................................ 79 3.4 Iwi Identity ................................................................................................................ 83 3.5 Hapū .......................................................................................................................... 84 3.5.1 Mitiwai ............................................................................................................... 84 3.5.2 Ngāti Tuaho ........................................................................................................ 85 3.5.3 Ngāti Hinetuhi and Ngāti Kura .......................................................................... 85 3.6 Marae ......................................................................................................................... 86 3.6.1 Whakarongotai ................................................................................................... 86 3.6.2 Marae Kawa ....................................................................................................... 91 3.7 Relationships with Other Iwi..................................................................................... 92 3.8 Iwi-based Organisations ............................................................................................ 93 3.9 Relationships with Local Bodies and Crown Agencies ............................................ 94 3.9.1 Te Whakaminenga o Kāpiti ................................................................................ 95 3.9.2 Memorandum of Understanding relating to Water ............................................ 96 3.9.3 Te Ara Tahi ....................................................................................................... 103 3.9.4 The Māori Partnership Board........................................................................... 105 3.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER FOUR: IMPACTS ON NGĀTIAWA/TE ĀTI AWA ..................................... 109 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 109 4.2 Kāpiti Island ............................................................................................................ 109 4.2.1 Pre-1840 History .............................................................................................. 109 4.2.2 Iwi Interests ...................................................................................................... 109 4.2.3 Ngātiawa/Te Āti Awa ki Kāpiti Claims ............................................................ 110 4.2.4 Title History ..................................................................................................... 112 4.2.5 Kāpiti Island Public Reserve Act, 1897 ........................................................... 112 4.2.6 Ngā Kōrero Tuku Ihō Evidence ....................................................................... 113 4.2.7 Traditional Fishing ........................................................................................... 117 4.2.8 Poaching ........................................................................................................... 118 4.3 Environmental Change and the Impact on Kai ....................................................... 119 4.3.1 The Importance of Waterways and Wetlands ..................................................