DIMENSI: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment, Vol. 47, No. 2, December 2020, 87-98 DOI: 10.9744/dimensi.47.2.87-98 ISSN 0126-219X (print) / ISSN 2338-7858 (online) THE DWELLERS’ ATTACHMENT TO JOGLO HOUSES IN KOTAGEDE Deny Prastika Candra1*, Wara Indira Rukmi1, Deni Agus Setyono1 1Urban and Regional Planning Department, Brawijaya University, Jl. Mayjen Haryono 167, Malang 65145, INDONESIA *Corresponding author; Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The number of Joglo houses in existence has decreased in recent years. Any effort to conserve the remaining Joglo depends on the behavior of the dwellers in maintaining and utilizing Joglo properly. People who have stronger levels of place attachment tend to support conserving that place. Place attachment can be explained in three dimensions: the person, the place, and the psychological process. This study explores the attachment of the dwellers to their Joglo by using PLS-PM analysis to understand the relationships among these dimensions. The results show that the person and place dimensions have a positive effect on each of the aspects of the dimension of psychological process, but not all dimensions have a significant effect and the effect of each dimension varies. The evaluation of the model concludes that it has a high ability to explain the empirical conditions of the dweller’s place attachment to their Joglo. Keywords: Place attachment; Joglo; PLS-PM. INTRODUCTION 2014). These developments make it necessary to preserve the remaining Joglo, which contribute to the In 1532 AD, Kotagede was part of the capital of identification of Kotagede as a Cultural Heritage Area the Mataram Sultanate. The capital was built during (SK Gub. DIY 186 / KEP / 2011). the reigns of Ki Ageng Pamanahan and his son Penembahan Senopati (Yetti, 2018). As a former Table 1. Number of Joglo in Kotagede in 2019 capital city, Kotagede has various historical features, Condition Total in both socio-cultural life and buildings with Sub-district Occupied Inhabited (unit) traditional architectural characteristics (Jogja Heritage (unit) (unit) Society, 2007). Joglo is a building style that has Rejowinangun 2 - 2 historical and cultural value. Joglo is a traditional Prenggan 29 1 30 Javanese house building style, which has a roof shape Purbayan 41 3 44 resembling a mountain (pyramid), a symbol of Total (unit) 72 4 76 tumpang sari (Subiyantoro, 2012). Joglo have several components, including pendhapa, pringgitan, dalem, Joglo house preservation efforts depend on the a kitchen, gandhok, and gadri (Ronald, 2005). Joglo behavior of the dwellers in maintaining and utilizing also refers to a traditional Javanese house, which is Joglo appropriately. In such cases, place attachment aligned spatially on a north-south cosmological axis. has an important influence on conservation efforts The north direction refers to Mount Merapi, which is (Vaske & Kobrin in Scannell & Gifford, 2014). Place associated with natural forces, while the south faces attachment is an emotional relationship that is formed the south sea, believed to be the residence of Nyi by an individual to a setting/place and results in Roro Kidul (the queen of the southern sea). The significant meaning for the individual through people of Yogyakarta firmly adopted this belief interaction (Milligan in Inalhan & Finch, 2004). Riley during the Mataram Sultanate era, so almost all Joglo in Altman and Low (1992) states that such attachment are oriented toward the south. In recent years, the is not only to a landscape or physical entity but also to number of Joglo has decreased. A survey conducted meanings and experiences in the place that involve in 2019 found the number of Joglo in Kotagede to be relationships with other people. Therefore, place 76 units. attachment is a multidimensional concept (Yuksel et The decline in the number of Joglo is a result of al., 2010). the partial or complete conversion of the buildings Scannell and Gifford (2010) explain that there into modern houses. Other Joglo have been sold and are three dimensional frameworks for place attach- moved out of Kotagede (Jogja Heritage Society, ment: the person, the place, and the psychological 2007). The 2006 earthquake also damaged several process. The person dimension describes the remaining Joglo, which forced reconstruction that attachment based on individual factors (e.g., time), often changed the authenticity of the Joglo (Utomo, collective factors (e.g., cultural significance or 87 Deny P.C.et al. beliefs), or a combination of both (Scannell & Table 2. Research Variables Gifford, 2014). The dimension of place includes Construct Indicator social (e.g., social interaction) and physical (e.g., (Latent Code (Manifest Source residential ownership) factors (Scannell & Gifford, Variable) Variable) 2010). Person X1.1 Age Altman & Low, The psychological process dimension of place 1992 attachment consists of three aspects based on X1.2 Length of Stay Lewicka, 2014 theoretical and operational definitions, which are X1.3 Sex Lewicka, 2005 affective, cognitive, and conative (Low & Altman, X1.4 Gender Roles Lewicka, 2005 1992; Jorgensen & Stedman, 2001). The affective X1.5 Level of Scannel & aspects refer to social bonding (Chen & Segota, Education Gifford, 2014 2015). Social bonding is the emotion of ownership or X1.6 Occupation connections among people based on common X1.7 Income characteristics (Chen & Segota, 2015; Kasarda & X1.8 Working hours Janowitz in Goussous & Al-Hammadi, 2018). The X1.9 Number of cognitive aspects connect the physical environment Working days with self-conceptualization (Kyle et al. 2004). Place X1.10 Status of identity is a symbolic and emotional bond to a place Ownership over time (Stedman, 2002). The conative aspects X1.11 Cultural/Ritual Mazumdar & concern place dependence (Kyle et al., 2004; Chen & Practices Mazumdar, 2004 X1.12 Number of Altman & Low, Segota, 2015), a functional bond associated with Family members 1992 certain activities or experiences that a person can do X1.13 History of Altman & Low, only in that place (Williams et al., 1992). Disaster Impact 1992 This study seeks to determine the correlation Place X2.1 Intensity of Fried, 2000 between the place attachment frameworks and the Social dwellers of Joglo based on the person, place, and interactions psychological process dimensions. It will describe the X2.2 Number of Scannel & correlation through a model based on the results of the Dwelling Gifford, 2010 PLS-PM (Partial Least Square-Path Modeling) ana- X2.3 Stay Plan lysis. X2.4 Proximity to Fried, 2000 another Joglo RESEARCH METHOD Psychological Process Affective Y3.1 Memories Goussous & The research method employs information from Y3.2 Residency Hammadi, 2018; a questionnaire given to people living in Joglo in Y3.3 Users Chen & Segota, Kotagede. The responses to the questionnaire provi- Y3.4 Special Bond 2015 ded categorical data related to the person and place Cognitive Y3.5 Meaning Goussous & dimensions and ordinal data related to the psycho- Y3.6 Identify Hammadi, 2018; logical process dimension. Y3.7 Pride Chen & Segota, Y3.8 Commitment 2015 Research Variables Conative Y3.9 Activities William & Vaske, The research variables for the study of attach- Y3.10 Best 2003; Ujang, ment to Joglo as a dwelling in Kotagede were deter- Y3.11 Preference 2012; Goussous & Y3.12 Satisfaction Hammadi, 2018; mined based on the relevant theory. To meet the Chen & Segota, research objectives, researchers used latent variables 2015 (constructs) and manifest variables (indicators). In determining the sample size, the researchers Method of Data Collection did not have definite data regarding the number of This study used a primary survey to collect data. residents who live in Joglo. The researchers only had The researchers chose a semi-open questionnaire as data on the number of Joglo in Kotagede, where there an instrument for data collection and arranged the were 76 Joglo spread across three urban villages that questions based on the indicators of each variable to became the research locations. Two (2) houses were ask respondents for information and perceptions located in the Rejowinangun sub-district, thirty (30) in related to their attachment to Joglo they live in. Prenggan village, and the remaining forty-four (44) in 88 The Dwellers’ Attachment to Joglo Houses in Kotagede Fig.1. Model Plan Purbayan village. However, only seventy-two (72) research with small samples, can predict models Joglo were inhabited. Because the total number of based on weak theories, and can measure using surviving Joglo is unknown, the researchers used the different types of data scales simultaneously (Yamin purposive sampling technique, a nonprobability & Kurniawan, 2011). In this study, a categorical scale sampling procedure. An adult family member over measured the person and place dimensions, while an twenty-five (25) years of age represented each Joglo ordinal Likert scale measured the psychological in this purposive sampling. Thus, this study consi- process dimension (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disa- dered seventy-two (72) respondents, each represent- gree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree). ing an inhabited Joglo. The first step in the PLS-PM analysis after determining the constructs and their indicators is to PLS-PM (Partial Least Square-Path Modeling) define the measurement model (outer model). At this Analysis stage, the researchers defined and specified the rela- tionships between the constructs and the indicators. PLS-PM is a form of Structural Equation The researchers designed a structural model (inner Modeling (SEM). In contrast to covariance-based model) by formulating the relationships between the SEM, PLS-PM is based on variance. PLS-PM can constructs, as illustrated in Figure 1. evaluate simultaneously both the measurement model After determining the model design, the next and the structural model (Abdillah & Jogiyanto, step was processing the data. In the PLS-PM analysis, 2015). The advantage of PLS-PM for this study is that researchers used XLSTAT software. After the it is not based on various classical assumption require- XLSTAT program processed the model, the next step ments, so the data does not have to follow a certain was to evaluate it.