CLASS NOTES CHEMISTRY Volume-1 Information contained in this work has been obtained by Career Point from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Career Point nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Career Point nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Career Point and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render any professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. CP Tower, Road No.-1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.) Email : [email protected] Copyright © 2016, by Career Point Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the Publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publisher. Published by Career Point Ltd. CP Tower, Road No.-1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.) Email : [email protected] Preface Being involved in preparing students for competitive examination since 1993, we realized that students require books which should be self-sufficient, relevant and in student's friendly language like class notes. The book should develop sound understanding of fundamentals and also enhance questions solving ability of students. The book in your hand has been prepared to achieve these objectives. We have developed this book using class notes of top faculty members of Career Point who have been successfully preparing students for JEE and Pre-Medical for more than two decade. Structure of book is such that you will feel like you are virtually attending the class of a Teacher. We firmly believe that the book in this form will definitely help a genuine, hardworking student to achieve target. We have tried our best to keep errors out of this book. Comment and criticism from readers will be highly appreciated and incorporated in the subsequent edition. We wish to utilize the opportunity to place on record our special thanks to all faculty members of Career Point and Content Development Team for their efforts to make this wonderful book. Career Point Ltd. CONTENTS CHAPTERS PAGES 1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry .....................................................................................1-30 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Matter ............................................................................................................................. 1 Valency and formula of some radicals ......................................................................... 3 Formula of simple compounds .................................................................................... 4 Laws of chemical combinations ............................................................................... 6 Brief discussion about some of the terms used in mole concept ............................. 7 Units of pressure, volume and temperature .............................................................. 10 conversion of volume of gases into mass Concept of Moles and conclusions of Avogadro's theory .......................................... 12 Empirical formula and molecular formula ................................................................. 14 Gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis ............................................................ 18 Limiting Reactants or Limiting Reagent ..................................................................... 23 Eudiometry ................................................................................................................... 24 Concentration terms .................................................................................................... 26 2. Chemical Bonding .................................................................................................... 31-91 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 31 Chemical Bond ............................................................................................................ 31 Valency ......................................................................................................................... 31 Causes of Chemical Bond ......................................................................................... 31 Types of chemical bond .............................................................................................. 32 valence bond theory : (A modern Approach for Covalent bond) ............................... 47 Molecular orbital Theory .............................................................................................. 65 Covalent character in Ionic compounds - Fazan’s rul ............................................... 75 Dipole Moment ............................................................................................................ 77 Res onanc e ................................................................................................................ 80 Metallic Bonding .......................................................................................................... 82 Hydrogen bonding ....................................................................................................... 83 Vander Waal’s forces ................................................................................................ 87 Some other type of chemical bonds .......................................................................... 88 Points to remember .................................................................................................... 90 3. Atomic Structure ...................................................................................................... 92-138 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 92 Dalton’s Atomic Theory ................................................................................................ 92 Earlier efforts to reveal structure of atom .................................................................. 92 Rutherford’s experiment - (discovery of nucleus) ...................................................... 96 Moseley’s Experiment (Concept of atomic number) .................................................. 98 Neutron ........................................................................................................................ 99 Other fundamental particles ...................................................................................... 100 Electromagnetic radiations ........................................................................................ 100 Solar spectrum .......................................................................................................... 102 Atomic spectra or Line spectra ................................................................................ 102 Hydrogen spectrum ................................................................................................... 103 Concept of quantization ............................................................................................ 107 Bohr’s atomic model ................................................................................................. 109 photoelectric effect ...................................................................................................... 116 Dual nature of electron .............................................................................................. 116 HeisEnberg’s uncertainty principle ............................................................................ 118 Schrodinger wave theory ............................................................................................ 119 Quantum Numbers .................................................................................................... 122 Shape of orbitals ....................................................................................................... 124 Energy level diagram ................................................................................................ 127 Electronic configuration .......................................................................................... 128 Extra stability of half filled and completely filled sub-shells ................................... 129 Electronic configuration of elements ........................................................................ 131 Some important definitions ....................................................................................... 133 Some Important points .............................................................................................. 138 4. Periodic Table ........................................................................................................ 139-160 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 139 2. Newland's law of octave .............................................................................................