82 © Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Crnogorskih serdara, Lamela C br. 1-2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro Tel/Fax: (00 381 81) 634 338, 634 329 e-mail: [email protected] web site: www.isspm.org Diversities – Potential for Development Montenegrin Human Development Report Podgorica, September 2005 Montenegrin Human Development Report Montenegrin Human Development Report 2005 Project Board Prof. Veselin Vukotić, PhD (President); Prof. Šerbo Rastoder, PhD; Prof. Milorad Ivović, PhD; Prof. Slobodan Vukićević, PhD; Prof. Vesna Kilibarda, PhD; Nail Draga, PhD; Petar Ivanović, PhD Project Coordinator Maja Baćović, PhD Co-authors Prof. Šerbo Rastoder, PhD; Prof. Milorad Ivović, PhD; Prof. Slobodan Vukićević, PhD; Maksut Hadžibrahimović, PhD; Maja Baćović, PhD; Petar Ivanović, PhD; Jadranka Kaluđerović, MA; Dragana Radević, MA; Nail Draga, PhD; Andrej Nikolaidis; Nina Labović, MA; Milica Vukotić, MA; Tijana Stanković, MA; Ana Krsmanović; Veselj Beganaj; Marina Milić, MA; Jelena Peruničić; Jelena Janjušević, MA; Milica Daković Statistical Team for Defining Human Development Indicators Dr Maja Baćović; Jadranka Kaluđerović, MA; Nina Labović, MA; Milica Vukotić, MA; Tijana Stanković, MA; Ana Krsmanović; Dragana Radević, MA; Marina Milić, MA; Jelena Peruničić; Jelena Janjušević, MA; Jelena Pavićević, MA; Gordana Radojević; Ana Bušković; Milica Daković; Marko Ćalasan; Ivana Vojinović Chief Adviser Peter Gudgeon, Regional Adviser, United Nations Department for Economic and Social Issues (UNDESA) UNDP Programme Strategy Group Andrey Ivanov, Human Development Adviser at the UNDP Regional Office, Bratislava Paola Pagliani, Strategy Analyst at UNDP Country Office, Belgrade Miodrag Dragišić, Programme Analyst at UNDP Liaison Office, Podgorica NGO’s Consulted Foundation for Open Society Institute; Montenegro Media Institute; NGO “Evropski dom” (Europe- an Home); Roma Strategy Centre, Development and Democracy; NGO “Ask”; NGO “Margo grupa” (Margo Group); Croatian Civil Initiative; NGO “Almanah” (Almanac); NGO “Art”; NGO “Početak” (The Beginning); UNHCR; NGO “Demetra“ (Demeter), Nansen Dialogue Centre; American Refugee Committee; NGO “Anima”; NGO “Napredak” (Progress); CRNVO (Centre for the Development of Non-Governmental Organizations); MANS; Montenegro Business Alliance (MBA) 3 © Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Diversities – Potential for Development Abbreviations used in the document GDP – Gross Domestic Product GNP – Gross National Product CARA – Centre for Applied Research and Analysis CEED – Centre for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development CAS – Country Assistance Strategy CBM – Central Bank of Montenegro EBRD – European Bank for Reconstruction and Development GDI – Gender Development Index GEM – Gender Empowerment Measure GER – Gross Enrolment Ratio HDI – Human Development Index ISSP – Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Monstat – Statistical Office of Montenegro MIPA – Member Investment Promotion Agency MDG – Millennium Development Goals OSCE – Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PPP – Purchasing Power Parity WTO – World Trade Organization UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund 4 © Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Montenegrin Human Development Report Preface Diversity management and respect for cultural identity is the challenge that almost all the countries of the world are facing. Today, Republic of Montenegro represents a melting pot of various ethnic groups (Montenegrins, Serbs, Muslims, Albanians, Croats, Roma and Bosnians), religious beliefs (Orthodox, Catholoc, Is- lam), as well as of other types of differences (urban and rural population, different cultural forms of behavior exist in different regions, etc). It managed to avoid the ethnic conflicts and extreme pol- larization between religions, cultures and other identities of individuals and groups. This is the asset that creates an opportunity in Montenegro to develop a coherent Montenegrin identity that goes beyond the mere belonging to a specific group. There is no doubt that Montenegro is being transformed into a pluralist type of democracy and with every day that goes by it is becoming an increasingly open society. While it should be mentioned that many things can be done in this field, it is also necessary to emphasize that a lot of effort has been invested into the democratization of the Republic. Montenegro today represents a developing democratic society that has made important steps in relation to the protection of minority rights. Irrespective of the multiethnic composition, Montenegro remained a peaceful and safe zone during the war conflicts in the territory of former Yugoslavia. One of the reasons for it is the fact that ethnic tolerance in Montenegro in that period, as well as today, is at a very high level. The social cohe- sion that was developed through generations has overpowered the forces of nationalism and ethnic disharmony, which have prevailed in the other parts of the region. This is one of the most positive characteristics of the Montenegrin society – its strong ethnic harmony and willingness of the people to live and work together. This report is an attempt to use in operational terms the idea of diversity as a development resource. Its key message is simple: future coherent Montenegrin identity is feasible, not to the account of, but due to the existing diversity. The protection and strengthening of the existing nature of the Montenegrin society, based on diversity, is a necessary precondition for the sustainable human de- velopment. President of the Republic of Montenegro Filip Vujanović 5 © Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Diversities – Potential for Development Table of Contents Introduction 8 Chapter 1: Human Development Challenge in Montenegro 11 Montenegro’s Human Development Profile 11 HDI Components 14 The Economic Dimension 14 Education 18 Demographic Trends and the Health of the Population 19 Increased Levels of Stress in Society 23 Environment 24 Multiculturalism and Human Development 26 Chapter 2: Diversity and impact on transition 31 Ethnic structure 32 Value orientations and ethnic distance 33 Socio-economic diversity 40 Different dimensions of poverty 43 Different poverty measurements 44 Territorial differences reflected through HDI values 49 Winners and losers in transition processes 51 Corruption and crime 52 Gender (in)equality 59 Women in the workplace 60 Gender discrimination 62 Gender balance in the Government 65 Chapter 3: Policy challenges 70 Emergence of Montenegrin Identity 70 Historical roots of multiculturalism in Montenegro 70 Broader regional challenges – integration into the EU 74 The pressing challenge: the status of vulnerable groups 76 Social exclusion and chronic poverty 76 Rejection of “otherness” – The Phenomenon of Ethnic Distance 76 The Status of the Roma 76 Displaced Persons In Montenegro 79 Vulnerability of RAE, refugees and IDPs 80 Sustainable approaches for the challenges of vulnerable groups 81 Chapter 4: Possible solutions in multicultural setting 86 Institutional framework for managing diversity and multiculturalism in Montenegro 86 Consensus-based policies 86 Constitutional arrangements 87 Minority rights protection 88 Participation and political representation 90 The political participation of women 92 The role of the media 93 The concept of “nationality” and diversity management 95 Chapter 5: Policy agenda 96 Statistical Appendix 102 Methodology 125 Definitions of statistical terms 139 6 © Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Montenegrin Human Development Report List of Boxes: Box 1: UNICEF Goals in Montenegro Related to Young People’s Health for the Period 2002-2004 Box 2: Declaration on the Ecological State of Montenegro Box 3: Waste Disposal Practice in Montenegro Box 4: Civil Sector Consensus on the Tara River Box 5: The Cultural Dimension of Human Development Box 6: Five Myths about Diversity, Multiculturalism and Development Opportunities Box 7: Sustainable eco tourism as an alternative for the elimination of the territorial dis- parities Box 8: The perception of the most important social problems in Montenegro Box 9: SOS telephone numbers for reporting corruption Box 10: The feminist movement in Montenegro Box 11: Women as a heads of household Box 12: Gender equality in Montenegro – research results Box 13: Roma Women Box 14: Roma and Employment Box 15: Cardboard City Box 16: Poverty Where No One Wants to Notice It: “Unofficial” Roma Settlement in Montenegro Box 17: Roma in Montenegro Box 18: Local Integration of Refugees and IDPs Box 19: European Institutions and Minority Rights Box 20: Constitution of Montenegro and Minority Rights Box 21: OSCE Report on 2002 Parliamentary Elections Box 22: Participation of Minorities in Local Government Bodies – what the figures say Box 23: Office for Gender Equality 7 © Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses Diversities – Potential for Development Introduction Managing diversities and respecting cultural iden- done in that direction, it must be emphasised that tities are by no means challenges faced by just great efforts have certainly been made towards a few “multi-ethnic societies”. On the contrary, democratizing the Republic. Montenegro today there is almost no country in the world that can is a growing democracy that has taken notable be regarded as totally homogenous. Over 200 steps towards the protection of minority rights. states in the world