Medina: Reviving Place Identity through Public Space by Omar Al-Mahdy A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Omar Al-Mahdy 2013 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. III Abstract Medina, as the second holy city for Muslims around the world and a place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) lived and is buried, has a distinctive identity. On the contrary, however, the central part of the city, the area where the old city was located, has lost its traditional identity in favour of globalization and modernization. One major factor that affects a location’s sense of place is the absence of public space and green space. In other words, the negligence of the public space’s role in reviving and restoring the identity of a place results in a sense of non-place. For many visitors to Medina, the current state (the contemporary urban setting) of the central city fails to match their expectations. Inserting an urban park (public space) within the area will enhance and help conserve the place’s identity, meet visitors’ visions, and allow more social interactions among visitors and locals. My design proposal is to create an urban park and a public space located at the periphery of the Prophet’s Mosque. The park will offer visitors a quiet place of refuge within the busy surrounding urban context and will demonstrate the location’s identity through shading structures. The program will consist of shading structures, mobile eateries, seating areas, public space, and vegetation. V Acknowledgements First and for most, I am grateful to God for having given me the ability and the strength to complete this research. I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to the members of my committee, Tammy Gaber and Terri Meyer Boake for their guidance and advice. I am indebted to my advisor Rick Haldenby for being a good critic of my thoughts and approaches. I would like also to thank my friends in the M.Arch program for their support and help during the process. This project would not have been possible without the support of my dearest wife, Ola, She deserves special thanks for bearing all the stresses over the program period. Besides, I would like to thank my parents for their endless love and support throughout my years at Waterloo. VI Dedication To my beloved Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). VII Table of Contents Author’s Declaration iii Abstract v Acknowledgements vi Dedication vii Table of Contents viii List of Illustrations x 00 INTRODUCTION 1 01 THE CONTEXT 5 1.1 The Story of the City 6 1.11 The Growth of the City 6 1.12 The Growth of Religious Tourism 8 1.2 The Story of the Prophet’s Mosque 20 1.21 The Evolving Role of the Mosque 20 1.22 The Mosque’s Major Expansions 22 1.23 The Development Project (1985 - 1994) 26 1.24 Mosque’s Piazza Shading Project (2005-2012) 30 02 THE ISSUES 35 2.1 Visitor’s Experience 36 2.11 Visitor’s expectation 36 2.12 The Realistic Experience 36 2.13 What is Missing? 38 2.2 Green Spaces 40 2.3 Place Identity 43 03 DESIGN GUIDELINES + PRECEDENTS 49 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Islamic Geometric Pattern 52 VIII 3.21 New Federal National Council’s Parilament Building Complex, Abu Dhabi 54 3.22 Al-Mualla Cemetery Mural, Mecca 56 3.3 Desert Landscape 58 3.31 Deplomatic Quarter Landscape, Riyadh 60 3.4 The Mashrabiya Screen 62 3.41 Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi 64 3.42 Louvre, Abu Dhabi 66 3.5 Super Structure 68 3.51 Munich Airport Centre, Munich 70 3.52 Millennium Dome, London 72 3.6 Sense of Place and Identity 74 3.61 Samir Kassir Square, Beirut 76 04 A PROPOSAL 79 4.1 Introduction 80 4.2 Site Analysis 82 4.3 Design Concept 86 4.4 Project Description 94 4.5 The Design 98 4.6 Details 130 05 CONCLUSION 137 AFTERWORD 140 ENDNOTES 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY 146 IX List of Illustrations 00 INTRODUCTION p.2 fig. 0.1 Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, madina2013.com, 1978, http://www.madina2013.com/photos.aspx?c=2 (accessed No- vember 14, 2012). p.2 fig. 0.2 Photograph by author p.3 fig. 0.3 Map of Central Zone, map, The Custodian of The Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj Research, http://www.madinah- gis.net/mapSearch/map/m10000.html (accessed November 14, 2012). p.3 fig. 0.4 Prophet’s Mosque, Fnan picture, http://fnanpic.blogspot.ca/2010/05/islamic-architecture-ancient-and-modern_3830. html (accessed November 14, 2012). 01 THE CONTEXT p.6 fig. 1.1 Geoffrey King, Bab al-Misri, The Traditional Architecture of Saudi Arabia, (London, New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1998) 87. p.6 fig. 1.2 Orhan Durgut, Ar-Rawdah an-Nabawiyah, Panoramio, 2011, http://www.panoramio.com/photo/17479208 (accessed November 14, 2012). Adapted by Author. p.7 fig. 1.3 Mohammad S. Makki, Population of Medina, Medina, Saudi Arabia: a geographic analysis of the city and region, (England: Avebury Publication Company, 1982) 94. p.8 fig. 1.4 Prophet’s Mosque, madaniwallpaper.com, http://madaniwallpaper.com/masjid_nabvi_4-wallpapers.html (accessed November 14, 2012). p.9 fig. 1.5 Ekrem Ekinci, Prophet’s Mosque, “Leader of Muslims,” ekrembugraekinci, http://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/makale. asp?id=357 (accessed November 14, 2012). p.10 fig. 1.6 Abdulbasit Bader, Map of Medina, Comprehensive history of the city of Medina (Medina: Abdulbasit Bader, 1993) 141 (in Arabic). Adapted by Author. p.11 fig. 1.7 Abdulbasit Bader, Map of Medina, Comprehensive history of the city of Medina (Medina: Abdulbasit Bader, 1993) 177 (in Arabic). Adapted by Author. p.12 fig. 1.8 John Buckhardt, Plan of Medina,1829, Travels in Arabia; comprehending ann account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans regard as sacred (London: Cass, 1968) 321. Adapted by Author. p.13 fig. 1.9 Al Madina From Western Arabia and the Red Sea, University of Texas Libraries, 1946, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/ maps/saudi_arabia.html?p=print (accessed November 14, 2012). p.14 fig. 1.10 Mohammad S. Makki, Population of Medina, Medina, Saudi Arabia: a geographic analysis of the city and region, (England: Avebury Publication Company, 1982) 47. p.15 fig. 1.11 Mohammad S. Makki, Population of Medina, Medina, Saudi Arabia: a geographic analysis of the city and region, (England: Avebury Publication Company, 1982) 178. X p.16 fig. 1.12 “Medina,” 24°28’07.39” N and 39°36’39.32” E, Google Earth, March 10, 2003 (accessed November 14, 2012). p.17 fig. 1.13 “Medina,” 24°28’07.39” N and 39°36’39.32” E, Google Earth, May 14, 2009 (accessed November 14, 2012). p.18 fig. 1.14 Al-Baqi Cemetery, alisalmanalvi, http://alisalmanalvi.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/the-historical-sermon-of-syeda-fati- ma-zahra-s-a-2/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.18 fig. 1.15 Alsay, Madina Hilton, flickr, 2008, http://www.flickr.com/photos/alsay/483402680/sizes/z/in/photostream/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.19 fig. 1.16 Shaza Hotels, Rooms & Suites, Shaza Hotels, http://madina.shazahotels.com/RoomsAndSuites/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.19 fig. 1.17 Dining Room, Madinah Mövenpick, http://www.moevenpick-hotels.com/en/middle-east/saudi-arabia/madinah/hotel- madinah-al-munawarah/location/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.20 fig. 1.18 Noushad Akambadam, The Prophet’s Mosque Al Madinah, “MadinahVision.com,” flickr, http://www.flickr.com/pho- tos/noushadali/2773629435/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.20 fig. 1.19 Hisham Mortada, The Prophet’s House, Traditional Islamic Principles of Built Environment, (London: RoutledgeCur- zon, 2003) 43. p.21 fig. 1.20 Stefano Bianca, Aerial view of central district, 1982, Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 234. p.22 fig. 1.21 Prophet’s Mosqu, Al Ameen Islamic Audio Library, 1907, http://www.alameenlibrary.com/pictures.html (accessed November 14, 2012). p.23 fig. 1.22 Ali Hafiz, Floor plan of the Prophet’s Mosque showing the different expansions, Chapters of the history of the city of Medina (Jeddah: AlMadina Printing & Publication Co., 1996), 82 (in Arabic). Adapted by Author. p.26 fig. 1.23 Hisham Mortada, The Prophet’s Mosque, Traditional Islamic Principles of Built Environment, (London: RoutledgeCur- zon, 2003) 88. p.27 fig. 1.24 Stefano Bianca, The progressive clearance of the historic fabric, Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 233. p.28 fig. 1.25 Nurhani Jauhar, the movable dome, “grasp the old memories,” Umm Ulqura Saudi, 2011, http://ummulqurasaudi.word- press.com/2012/05/11/grasp-the-old-memories/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.29 fig. 1.26 Image by author p.30 fig. 1.27 SL-RASCH GMBH, “Solar Driven Convertible Umbrellas,” http://www.sl-rasch.de/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.30 fig. 1.28 SL-RASCH GMBH, “Convertible Umbrellas,” http://www.sl-rasch.de/ (accessed November 14, 2012). p.31 fig. 1.29 Ansar caravan, Umbrella installation, qalansar, http://www.qalansar.com/?act=artc&id=37&print=1 (accessed Novem- ber 14, 2012). XI p.32 fig.