)RK en It'^l-iM H. MARIANO iill Class,. r I ? ^ Book- CojpghtNJlIiLi C (CilPflllGHT DEPOSm (Taken from Mangano, "Sons of Italy.") Used by permission of Missionary Education Movement, owners of copyright. ni\e Second Generation of Italians in ^Je^^? York Cit^ BY JOHN HORACE MARIANO submitted in partial fulfillment of tKe requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy? at New York University" {Department of Sociology) The Christopher Publishing House Boston, U. S. A. ^§1^3 Copyright ign by The Christopher Pubi,ishing House m -6 192! g)C!,ft611517 CONTENTS PART I — NATURE AND EXTENT OF INVESTIGATION Page CHAPTER I — Plan of Study 1 Purpose : A Sociological study of Italian life in New York City. Scope : Limited to Americans of Italian ori- gin. Sources : A first hand study of the people them- selves. Original survey of types of organizations and institutions prevalent. Original data gained in a sym- posium. Statistical reports, government data, etc. CHAPTER II — Difficulties underlying an investigation of the Italian element 6 Difficulty of collecting data : The adult Italian is un- trained and suspicious. Italian immigration : Its recency. Unsettled problems. Reasons for investigation. PART II — SURVEY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CHAPTER III ^Population and Distribution 11 Difficulty of accurate enumeration. Density. Distribu- tion of Italian colonies in New York City: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, Richmond. Table of colonies in New York City: Age distribution. Sex classification. Conjugal relationship. Mixed marriages. Relationship between size of family and its place in the socio-eco- nomical scale. CHAPTER IV — Occupations 31 Relation of Italian to other stocks in American indus- tries. Distribution of Italian blood in different indus- tries. Distribution in New York City. What the "new" generation hopes for. CHAPTER V — Health ^7 Introduction. Vital statistics. Italian health agencies. CHAPTER Yl — Standard of Living 45 Introduction: Definition of terms. Changing standards. Incomes: Adult bread winners. Lodgers or boarders. V CONTENTS vi Child labor. Housing: Average number of rooms. Housing in relation to expenditure. Savings and thrift. Thrift compared with other nationalities. Estimated savings. CHAPTER Yll — Literacy 57 The "old" versus the "new" generation. Status in the schools at large. In the high schools. In the primary schools. Elimination and retardation : at large. In New York City. The present need. CHAPTER Ylll — Citizenship 65 Obstacles to citizenship: Ignorance of language. Ten- dency to return to "homeland." Relation of immigrant to native vote. Citizenship status in New York City. Place of women of Italian blood. Differences between Italy and America. CHAPTER IK — Philanthropy and Social Welfare 71 Introduction. Dependency. Delinquency. PART III — PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS CHAPTER X — Introduction—Basis for Classification of Types.... 82 Difficulties of classification. Economic status. Pleas- ures or recreation. CHAPTER XI — The "Tenement" Type—An Ideo-Emotional Type 87 Background: Physical; street, slums, tenement districts. Mental; subnormal. Vocational; varied and inter- mittent. Home conditions; unsocial. Personal character- istics: Type of disposition; instigative, convivial. Co- operation : Perception of resemblances and of differ- ences prompt. Attitude towards strangers; suspicion ; and distrust. Pleasures; motor-sensory. Type of mind; ideo-emotional. CHAPTER Xll — The ''Trade'' or ''Business" Type—A dogmatic- emotional type 97 Background: Physical; shop or factory. Mental, varied. Vocational; steady and skilled labor. Home conditions; narrowing and un-American. Personal characteristics: Type of disposition; domineering, austere. Coopera- tion; Perception of resemblances and of differences; keen. Attitude towards strangers; unfriendliness. Pleasures; emotional ideation. Type of mind; dogma- tic-emotional. vli CONTENTS CHAPTER XUl — The "College" Type—A transitionol type 103 Background: Physical; typically American. Mental; formal discipline. Vocational ; undetermined. Home conditions ; varied. Personal characteristics r aggres- sive and convivial. Cooperation ; Perception of resem- blances and of differences; none on racial grounds. At- titude toward strangers; open and frank. Pleasures; in- ductive ideation. Type of mind; critical-intellectual. CHAPTER XIV— TA^ "Professional" Type—A critical-intel- lectual type 110 Background: Physical; home and office. Mental; dic- tated by pleasure and vocation. Vocational; profes- sions, law, medicine, teaching. Home conditions; nor- mal Americans. Personal characteristics: Type of dis- position ; creative. Cooperation : Perception of resem- blances and differences; none on racial grounds. Atti- tude toward strangers; broad. Pleasures; dictated by choice. Type of mind; critical-intellectual. CHAPTER XV — The Italian-speaking Colony in New York City.MS The "old" generation. The "new" generation. Relation between the "old" and the "new" generation. CHAPTER XVI — Recapitulation 132 PART IV — SOCIAL ORGANIZATION CHAPTER XVII — Introduction 138 Definition of terms: Basis of classification; Overlapping character of aims. Correspondence between "mental" type of mind and character of organization effected. CHAPTER XVlll — Types of Organisation 140 The Social Club: Particular group; the "Husky" Asso- ciation. Type of member; the "tenement" type, ages, 21-35; education, elementary; vocations, physical labor; pleasures, sensory. Type of activity; recreational, social. Relation and effect of "social" club to commun- ity, anti-social. The "Athletic" Club: Particular group; the "Nameoka" Athletic club. Type of member; the type. Ages, 18-35; education, elementary and high school; vocations, physical and mental; pleasures, motor-sensory. Type of activity; recreational and phy- sical. Relation and effect of "Athletic" club to com- munity ; unsocial. The "Religiou»" Club: (a) The "Cath- CONTENTS viii olic" Club: Particular group; The "Ozanam" associa- tion. Type of members; ideo-emotional. Ages, 18-30; education, elementary and high school; vocations, skilled and unskilled; pleasures, of sense, idea, and emotion. Type of activity; social, recreational, spirit- ual, (b) The "Protestant" Club: Particular group; The Broome Street Tabernacle club. Type of members; Ages, 18-30; education, elementary and high school; vo- cations, skilled and unskilled; pleasures, of sense, idea, and emotion. Type of activity; social, recreational, spiritual. Relation and effect of "religious" club to community; friendly, sympathetic, social. The "Benev- olent" organization. Particular group ; The Bagolino Benefit Society. Type of members; dogmatic-emo- tional. Ages, 18-45; education, elementary; vocations, skilled, unskilled, professions; pleasures, of sense, emo- tion and thought. Type of activity; social, physical, ideational. Relation and effect of "Civic" association to community; social. The "Social Welfare" League: Particular group; The League for Social Service. The Italian Welfare League. The Young Men's Italian Edu- cational League. The Italian Educational League. Type of mmbers; critical-intellectual. Ages, 18-50; education, college and university; vocations, professions; pleas- ures, of thought. Relation and effect of "Social" Wel- fare" League to community; social. The "College" Cir- colo: Particular group; The Columbia Circolo. Type of members; critical-intellectual. Ages, 19-28; education, college and university; vocations, undetermined; pleas- ures, of sense, emotion, and thought. Type of activity; social, ideational. Relation and effect of "College Cir- colo" to community; friendly and social. The Profes- sional" Club: Particular group; The Italian Teachers' Association. The Italian Lawyers' Association. The Societa Medica Italiana. The Circolo Nazionale. Type of members; critical-intellectual. Ages, 26-60; educa- tion, college and university; vocation, professions; pleasures, of thought. Type of activity; social, profes- sional, ideational. Relation and effect of "Professional" club to community; unrelated. CHAPTER XIX — Miscellaneous Organisations 182 Dramatic; The Marionette Theatre. Musical; The In- ternational Festival Chorus (Italian division). Educa- tional; Verdi, Auxiliary, Italian Intercollegiate, Italian Scholarship Fund, Dante AHghieri Society, Dante League of America. Fraternal; Alpha Phi Delta, Sigma - Phi Theta, Delta Omega Phi. Social Welfare ; The Ital- ix CONTENTS ica Gens. Recreational; The Italian American Scout- craft Association. Arts and Industry; Suola Italiana d'Industrie, The Italian Industrial School, Society for Italian Women. Propaganda ; The Roman Legion of America, The Italy-America Society, The Italian Bureau of Public Information. PART V — WHAT THE AMERICAN OF ITALIAN EXTRACTION CONTRIBUTES TO AMERICAN DEMOCRACY CHAPTER XX — Introduction 205 Reasons for phrase "Americans of Italian extraction.*' Definition of Democracy. CHAPTER XXI — OW Ideas Regarding Italians 209 Incomplete knowledge regarding Italians. Type of Italian that comes to America. Recency of Italian Im- migration. Friction and misunderstanding due to mal- adjustment; lack of proper sociological milieu. CHAPTER XXU — The Present Viewpoint 213 Practical demonstrations of leadership and initiative visible today along agricultural, industrial, and pro- fessional pursuits. Practical experience of social econ- omists and social workers regarding their qualities of cooperation. Testimony of "Political Leaders" regard- ing their place in our American Democracy. Theoret- ical findings