EMILY DICKINSON’S POETIC IMAGERY IN 21ST-CENTURY SONGS BY LORI LAITMAN, JAKE HEGGIE, AND DARON HAGEN by Shin-Yeong Noh Submitted to the faculty of the Jacobs School of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Music Indiana University May 2019 Accepted by the faculty of the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Music Doctoral Committee ______________________________________ Andrew Mead, Research Director ______________________________________ Patricia Stiles, Chair ______________________________________ Gary Arvin ______________________________________ Mary Ann Hart March 7, 2019 ii Copyright © 2019 Shin-Yeong Noh iii To My Husband, Youngbo, and My Son iv Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without many people who aided and supported me. I am grateful to all of my committee members for their advice and guidance. I am especially indebted to my research director, Dr. Andrew Mead, who provided me with immeasurable wisdom and encouragement. His inspiration has given me huge confidence in my study. I owe my gratitude to my teacher, committee chair, Prof. Patricia Stiles, who has been very careful and supportive of my voice, career goals, health, and everything. Her instructions on the expressive performance have inspired me to consider the relationship between music and text, and my interest in song interpretation resulted in this study. I am thankful to the publishers for giving me permission to use the scores. Especially, I must thank Lori Laitman, who offered me her latest versions of the songs with a very neat and clear copy. She is always prompt and nice to me. Also, I appreciate Daron Hagen sharing his opinions with me. I would like to thank my family. My parents supported me greatly for this long journey at the Jacobs School of Music, Indiana University. Everything has been possible with their cheer. I am also grateful for my dear husband, Youngbo. Youngbo has been the best supporter with his constancy and fidelity. His great care for my physical and emotional health as an expectant mother is enormous. I want to give the biggest blessings and joy to our little boy, who pushed me to complete this study. Last but not least, my sincerest gratitude goes to God who always allows me wisdom, health, joy, and lots of kind people around me. I am thankful for prayers all my people have offered to me. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ vi List of Examples ........................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... xi List of Appendices .......................................................................................................................... xii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 : Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) ....................................................................................... 4 Biography ............................................................................................................................... 4 Dickinson’s Writing ................................................................................................................ 6 Dickinson’s Musicality and Influence on American Composers ......................................... 11 Chapter 2 : Lori Laitman (b. 1955) ................................................................................................ 15 Biography ............................................................................................................................. 15 Laitman’s Song Composition ............................................................................................... 17 Two Dickinson Songs (2002) ................................................................................................ 20 In This Short Life (2011) ....................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 : Jake Heggie (b. 1961) .................................................................................................. 47 Biography ............................................................................................................................. 47 Heggie’s Song Composition ................................................................................................. 50 Newer Every Day (2014) ...................................................................................................... 54 vi Chapter 4 : Daron Hagen (b. 1961) ................................................................................................ 88 Biography ............................................................................................................................. 88 Hagen’s Song Composition .................................................................................................. 91 Four Dickinson Songs (2014) ............................................................................................... 94 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix A: Comprehensive List of Emily Dickinson Settings by Lori Laitman ...................... 118 Appendix B: Comprehensive List of Emily Dickinson Settings by Jake Heggie ........................ 120 Appendix C: Comprehensive List of Emily Dickinson Settings by Daron Hagen ...................... 122 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 123 vii List of Examples Example 2.1. Laitman, “Good Morning Midnight,” mm. 1-3. ....................................................... 23 Example 2.2. Laitman, “Good Morning Midnight,” mm. 4-14. ..................................................... 24 Example 2.3. Laitman, “Good Morning Midnight,” mm. 15-19. ................................................... 25 Example 2.4. Laitman, “Good Morning Midnight,” mm. 20-23. ................................................... 25 Example 2.5. Laitman, “Good Morning Midnight,” mm. 24-27. ................................................... 26 Example 2.6. Laitman, “Good Morning Midnight,” mm. 28-40. ................................................... 27 Example 2.7. Laitman, “Wider Than The Sky,” mm. 1-9. ............................................................. 29 Example 2.8. Laitman, “Wider Than The Sky,” mm. 15-23. ......................................................... 30 Example 2.9. Laitman, “Wider Than The Sky,” mm. 24-31. ......................................................... 31 Example 2.10. Laitman, “Wider Than The Sky,” mm. 32-40. ....................................................... 32 Example 2.11. Laitman, “Some Keep The Sabbath,” mm. 1-6. ..................................................... 35 Example 2.12. Laitman, “Some Keep The Sabbath,” mm. 7-9. ..................................................... 35 Example 2.13. Laitman, “Some Keep The Sabbath,” mm. 13-17. ................................................. 36 Example 2.14. Laitman, “Some Keep The Sabbath,” mm. 18-22. ................................................. 37 Example 2.15. Laitman, “Some Keep The Sabbath,” mm. 23-28. ................................................. 38 Example 2.16. Laitman, “I Stepped from Plank to Plank,” mm. 1-5. ............................................ 39 Example 2.17. Laitman, “I Stepped from Plank to Plank,” mm. 6-14. .......................................... 40 Example 2.18. Laitman, “I Stepped from Plank to Plank,” mm. 15-18. ........................................ 41 Example 2.19. Laitman, “I Stepped from Plank to Plank,” mm. 19-27. ........................................ 42 Example 2.20. Laitman, “In This Short Life,” mm. 1-5. ................................................................ 43 Example 2.21. Laitman, “In This Short Life,” mm. 10-17. ............................................................ 44 Example 2.22. Laitman, “In This Short Life,” mm. 18-21. ............................................................ 45 Example 2.23. Laitman, “In This Short Life,” mm. 22-31. ............................................................ 45 Example 3.1. Heggie, “Silence,” mm. 1-7. .................................................................................... 56 Example 3.2. Heggie, “Silence,” mm. 32-40. ................................................................................ 57 viii Example 3.3. Heggie, “Silence,” mm. 11-19. ................................................................................ 58 Example 3.4. Heggie, “Silence,” mm. 20-28. ................................................................................ 59 Example 3.5. Heggie, “Silence,” mm. 29-34. ................................................................................ 60 Example 3.6. Heggie, “Silence,” mm. 47-53. ...............................................................................