Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Thomas Kohnen Editors Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology With 453 Figures and 34 Tables Editors Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Thomas Kohnen Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Ophthalmology Optometry Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main Medical University Vienna Frankfurt am Main, Germany Vienna, Austria ISBN 978-3-540-68292-9 ISBN 978-3-540-69000-9 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-540-69001-6 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954881 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany Preface Encompassed with comprehensive and focused information, accompanied by high-quality images, detailed tables, and graphics on all relevant ophthalmic topics, the Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology is a valuable resource for practic- ing ophthalmologists from the various ophthalmic subspecialties. This com- prehensive source of ophthalmological expertise will also be of interest to optometrists, orthoptists, opticians, low vision specialists, researchers, resi- dents, medical students, nurse practitioners, and all other eye care profes- sionals who deal with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eye. The reader will benefit from the knowledge of leading experts in the rapidly changing field of ophthalmology with an easy reference, geared to provide detailed, timely, and relevant information about the rapid advances that con- tinuously influence the field of ophthalmology. Intended as a user-friendly reference, available in hardcopy and electronic format and continuously updated. We hope that this encyclopedia facilitates easy reference and clinical use. v Acknowledgment We would like to extend our thanks to the many authors who devoted an extensive amount of time in contributing to the development of this compre- hensive coverage of current state-of-the-art knowledge in ophthalmology. We would also like to thank the consultants at Springer Nature for their commit- ment to publishing this book. vii List of Topics External Diseases and Cornea Chlorpromazine, Cornea Verticillata Chocolate Cyst Section Editor: Shameema Sikder Choristomas Actinic Keratosis Chrysiasis, Corneal Pigmentation Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Climatic Droplet Keratopathy (Spheroidal Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis Degeneration) Allergic Conjunctivitis Coats’ White Ring Amniotic Membrane Transplantation Cogan Syndrome Nonpharmacotherapy Computerized Corneal Topography Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy, Posterior Disease Concretions, Conjunctival Atopic Dermatitis Concussive Trauma Blepharitis Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy Blepharoconjunctivitis Congenital Hereditary Stromal Dystrophy Blue Nevus Conjunctiva Blue Sclera Conjunctival Autograft Bulla Conjunctival Degenerations Burns Conjunctival Flaps Calcific Band Keratopathy Conjunctival Inclusion Cysts Canaliculitis Conjunctival Tumors Candida Keratitis/Ocular Infection Conjunctivitis Carcinoma In Situ, of Conjunctiva Conjunctivochalasis Carpenter Syndrome Connective Tissue Disorder of the Cornea Cat Scratch Disease Contact Dermatoblepharitis Catarrhal (Marginal Corneal) Infiltrates Cornea Farinata Cellulitis, Preseptal, Haemophilus Causing Cornea Plana Chalazion Cornea Verticillata Chandler Syndrome Corneal Arcus Chelation Therapy, for Calcific Band Keratopathy Corneal Degenerations Chemical Injury (Burns) Corneal Guttata Chemosis Corneal Intraepithelial Neoplasia Chlamydia Corneal Patching Chloroquine Toxicity, Cornea Verticillata Corneal Pigmentations ix x List of Topics Corneal Tattoo Eye Bank Association of America Corneal Ulcers Eye Banking Corneoretinal Dystrophy, Bietti’s Crystalline Eyelid Weights, for Exposure Keratopathy Corneoscleral Laceration Fornices Cryptophthalmos François, Central Cloudy Dystrophy Cryptophthalmos-Syndactyly (Fraser) Syndrome Fuchs Superficial Marginal Keratitis Crystalline Dystrophy Fuchs’ Dystrophy Disease Crystalline Keratopathy, Infectious Furrow Degeneration, Senile Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Giant Papillary (Contact Lens-Induced) Dacryoadenitis Conjunctivitis Disease Dacryoadenoma Goblet Cells, Mucin Tear Secretion by Dacryocystitis Gonococcal Conjunctivitis Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis) Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Overview Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) Gram-Negative Bacteria Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty (DLEK) Gram-Positive Bacteria Dellen Groenouw Dystrophy Type 1 Disease Dermatitis Haemophilus influenzae, Conjunctivitis Descemetocele Hansen’s Disease Desquamating Skin Conditions Heerfordt’s Syndrome Disciform Keratitis, Herpes Simplex Virus Hemochromatosis Causing Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler- Distichiasis: Definition Weber-Rendu Disease) Dry Eye: Definition Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Neurotrophic Ectasia, Corneal Keratopathy Ectodermal Dysplasia Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasial-Clefting Holmium YAG Laser, Thermokeratoplasty (EEC) Syndrome Hordeolum Eczema, of Eyelid Horner-Trantas Dots Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Gene Linkage of Hudson-Stähli Line Disease Human Herpes Virus Endothelial Degenerations Human Papilloma Viruses, Ocular Infection Endothelial Dystrophies Hurler-Scheie Syndrome Endothelial Failure Hurricane (Vortex) Keratopathy Endothelial Graft Rejection Hyaluronic Acid, for Dry Eye Ephelis (Freckle), Conjunctival Disease Hydrops, Keratoconus Epibulbar Tumor Hypercalcemia: Corneal Changes Epidermis Hyperemia, Conjunctival Epidermoid Cysts Interstitial Keratitis Episcleritis: Overview Iron Lines, Pterygium Epithelial Defects Iron, Corneal Deposits of Epithelial Dystrophies Iron, Corneal Intraocular Foreign Body of Epithelial Erosions Juvenile Epithelial Dystrophy (Meesmann Epithelial Inclusion Cysts Dystrophy) Epitheliopathy Kayser-Fleischer Ring Exposure Keratitis/Keratopathy Keloids: Corneal and Congenital Exposure Staining, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Keratinocytes: Overview External Hordeolum (Stye) Keratinoid (Spheroidal) Degeneration List of Topics xi Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca: Definition Mucus Fishing Syndrome Keratoconjunctivitis: Overview Nd:YSGG Laser, for Intrastromal Keratoglobus Basic Science Photodisruption Keratolysis (Corneal Melting), Marginal, Necrotizing Keratitis Systemic Immune-Mediated Disease Necrotizing Scleritis Keratomalacia, Vitamin A Deficiency Neurotrophic Keratopathy Keratopathy Actinic (Labrador Keratopathy/ Nonnecrotizing Keratitis Spheroidal Degeneration) Ocular Lice Keratoprosthesis Oculodentoosseous Dysplasia Khodadoust Line Oculoglandular Syndrome, Parinaud Krukenberg Spindles Oculomandibulofacial Dyscephaly (Hallermann- Lagophthalmos Streiff Syndrome) Lamellar Keratoplasty Oncocytoma Lattice Dystrophy Onychoosteodysplasia (Nail-Patella Syndrome) Lattice Lines Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Blue Sclera Ligneous Conjunctivitis Pachymetry (Pachometry) Limbal Autograft/Allograft (Limbal Palpebral Conjunctiva Transplantation) Palpebral Vernal Conjunctivitis/ Limbal Stem Cells Keratoconjunctivitis Limbal Transplantation for Chemical Injury Pannus/Micropannus Limbal Vernal Conjunctivitis/ Papillae: Overview Keratoconjunctivitis Papillomas, Conjunctival Lipemia Retinalis Parasites Lipid Keratopathy Pediculosis (Lice), Ocular Infection Lithiasis, Conjunctival Pellucid Marginal Degeneration Lymphoma: Definition Pemphigoid, Cicatricial Map-Dot-Fingerprint Dystrophy (Epithelial/ Penetrating Injuries Anterior Membrane Dystrophy) Peripheral Corneal Guttata (Hassall-Henle Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome Bodies/Warts) McCannel Technique Peripheral Keratitis Megalocornea Phlyctenules Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Photokeratoscopy Melanocytosis Photomicroscopy, Specular Melanokeratosis, Striate Phthirus Pubis (Crab/Pubic Louse), Ocular Melanomas, Conjunctival Infection Melanosis Pigmented Lesions of the Conjunctiva Meretoja Syndrome Pinguecula Microcornea Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus) Microcystic Epitheliopathy Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy Micropannus Postherpetic Neuralgia Microphthalmos (Microphthalmia), Anterior Precorneal Tear Film Molluscum Contagiosum: Overview Primary Endothelial Failure, After Penetrating Mooren Ulcer Keratoplasty Morquio Syndrome Pseudo-Hurler