Forschungen zum Alten Testament Edited by Bernd Janowski (Tbingen) · Mark S. Smith (New York) Hermann Spieckermann (Gçttingen) 68 Joel S. Baden J, E, and the Redaction of the Pentateuch Mohr Siebeck Joel S. Baden, born 1977; 2002 M. A. in Northwest Semitics from the University of Chicago; 2007 Ph. D. in Hebrew Bible from Harvard University; currently Assis- tant Professor of Old Testament at the Yale Divinity School. e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-151109-7 ISBN 978-3-16-149930-2 ISSN 0940-4155 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra- phie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. 2009 Mohr Siebeck Tbingen. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that per- mitted by copyright law) without the publishers written permission. This applies parti- cularly to reproduction, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset by epline in Kirchheim/Teck, printed by Gulde-Druck in Tbin- gen on non-aging paper and bound by Großbuchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. For my parents Acknowledgments This book is a revision of my dissertation, completed at Harvard Univer- sity in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. My thanks go to my advisor at Harvard, Peter Machinist, who was supportive of this project from beginning to end; Jo Ann Hackett, for giving freely of both her teaching and her friendship; John Huehnergard and Dennis Par- dee, for encouraging me in my Hebrew and other Semitic studies, for this and other projects; Benjamin Sommer, for being the first to show me how source criticism should be done; John Collins, Carolyn Sharp, and Harold Attridge for their support in my first years at Yale; and Robert Wilson, who started me on the path of biblical scholarship. A special debt of gratitude is owed to Baruch Schwartz, without whom this book certainly never would have been written - he is an exemplary scholar, a marvelous teacher, and, above all, simply the finest mentor a student, colleague, or friend could wish for. Thanks are due to Richard Elliot Friedman and John Van Seters for allowing me advance looks at forthcoming works. Numerous friends and colleagues contributed through reading, listening, and commenting, fore- most among them Jeffrey Stackert, Simi Chavel, Candida Moss, Jeremy Hutton, and Cory Crawford. Stewart Moore assisted with some early proofreading, and Brad Holden was indispensable to the editing and com- pletion of this book. I am indebted to Mark Smith for both accepting this book into the FAT series and for innumerable contributions and correc- tions. More than anyone else, of course, I am most grateful to my family: to my wife, Gillian, whose support never wavered for an instant throughout the years it took to bring this project to fruition; to my daughter, Zara, who conveniently only showed up for the good parts at the end; and to Aviva, whose absence is felt even and especially in our times of greatest joy. Table of Contents Introduction .......................................... 1 Chapter One: The Scholarly Origins of JE.................. 11 Hermann Hupfeld ....................................... 13 Karl Heinrich Graf ...................................... 19 Abraham Kuenen ....................................... 24 Julius Wellhausen ....................................... 27 August Dillmann ........................................ 37 Eduard Riehm.......................................... 40 Conclusion ............................................ 43 Chapter Two: JE and the Documentary Hypothesis in the Twentieth Century ................................ 45 Hermann Gunkel........................................ 46 Gerhard von Rad and Martin Noth.......................... 48 Rudolf Smend, Otto Eissfeldt, et al. .......................... 51 Paul Volz and Wilhelm Rudolph ............................ 54 Rolf Rendtorff, et al. ..................................... 60 Brevard Childs.......................................... 78 John Van Seters ......................................... 85 Richard E. Friedman..................................... 94 Conclusion ............................................ 97 Chapter Three: The Relationship of D to J and E............ 99 Deut 1:9–18: Appointing of judges ..........................106 Deut 1:19–45: The spies...................................114 Deut 2:2–3:11: Edom, Sihon, and Og ........................130 Deut 3:12–20: Apportioning the Transjordan...................141 Deut 4:10–14; 5:2–5, 19–28; 9:8–21, 25–10:5: Horeb .............153 Deut 8:15–16: Testing in the wilderness .......................172 Deut 9:22–24: Additional examples of disobedience in the wilderness 173 Deut 10:6–9: Travel and the Levites. .........................179 X Table of Contents Deut 11:2b–6: The acts of YHWH .......................... 181 Deut 23:4–6: Ammonites, Moabites, and Balaam ............... 184 Deut 25:17–19: Amalek................................... 184 Deut 31:1–8: The authority of Joshua ........................ 185 Conclusion ............................................ 188 Excursus: The Relationship of P to JE..................... 197 Chapter Four: RJE – The Reliance on the Redactor.......... 209 Factual Discrepancies .................................... 211 Genesis 16:8–10....................................... 211 Genesis 21:32, 34 and 26:15, 18 ........................... 213 Exodus 4:13–16, et al. .................................. 218 Exodus 34:1, 4 ........................................ 221 Exodus32–34........................................ 223 Terminological Overlap ................................... 225 Genesis 20:18......................................... 228 Genesis 28:21......................................... 230 Genesis 31:3 ......................................... 232 Exodus3:7...........................................234 Secondary Additions..................................... 236 Exodus 3:14, 15* ...................................... 237 Exodus 4:21–23 ....................................... 238 Covenant Code expansions .............................. 239 Deuteronomic affinities ................................. 241 Patriarchal promises ................................... 243 The Effect of the Expansion of the Redactor ................... 248 Patriarchal promises ................................... 248 Exodus32–34........................................ 249 Exodus 34:1, 4*, 28 .................................... 251 Conclusion ............................................ 253 Chapter Five: The Singularity of the Redactor(s) ............ 255 Combining Documents ................................... 258 Block Sequence ......................................... 260 Interweaving Texts ...................................... 261 Insertions ............................................. 263 Factual Corrections .................................... 265 Genesis 33:18a ...................................... 265 Genesis 35:9........................................ 267 Table of Contents XI Genesis 39:1 ........................................268 Exodus 3:4 .........................................269 Exodus 34:29 .......................................271 Numbers 16:24, 27, 32 ................................271 Derivative Additions ...................................273 Exodus 4:21 ........................................273 Numbers 13:26 ......................................275 Numbers 32:9, 11, 12 .................................276 Numbers 32:33 ......................................277 Deuteronomy 1:39 ...................................278 Pattern Corrections ....................................279 Exodus 9:35, 10:20 ...................................279 Numbers 32:29, 30 ...................................281 Amalgamating Verses...................................282 Exodus 31:18 .......................................283 Exodus 34:4 ........................................284 Numbers 13:26 ......................................285 Conclusion ............................................285 Chapter Six: Unstated Assumptions Underlying the JE Theory .........................................287 Conclusion ...........................................305 Bibliography ..........................................315 Index of Biblical Citations ...............................327 Index of Authors Cited .................................337 Abbreviations ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary [6 vols.]. D. N. Freedman, ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992. AJSLL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature AWEAT Archiv fr wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Alten Testaments CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly DBI Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation [2 vols.]. J. H. Hayes, ed. Nash- ville: Abingdon, 1999. GKC Gesenius Hebrew Grammar.28th ed. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Trans- lated by A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JDTh Jahrbch fr deutsche Theologie JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament VT Vetus Testamentum ZAW Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Introduction It is not uncommon in current scholarship to encounter statements pro- claiming a “crisis” in pentateuchal studies, or, more forcefully, the “de- mise” of the Documentary Hypothesis. The rise, primarily in Europe, of an explicitly anti-documentary approach, one which revives the old frag- mentary and supplementary models and combines