Global Tourism Global Tourism Third edition Edited by William F. Theobald AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY Butterworth–Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Copyright © 2005. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written. Elsevier-Science prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Global tourism / William F. Theobald.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-7506-7789-9 (alk. paper) 1. Tourism. I. Theobald, William F., 1934– G155.A1G49 2004 338.4¢791—dc22 2004050270 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 200 Wheeler Road Burlington, MA 01803 ISBN: 0-7506-7789-9 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier publications visit our website at: http://books.elsevier.com 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America Contents Foreword ix Preface xi List of Contributors xv Part One: Clarification and Meaning: Issues of Understanding 1 1 The Meaning, Scope, and Measurement of Travel and Tourism 5 William F. Theobald 2 What Are Travel and Tourism: Are They Really an Industry? 25 Thomas Lea Davidson 3 Nostalgia in the Noughties 32 Graham M.S. Dann 4 From Competition to Collaboration in the Tourism Industry 52 Alan Fyall and Brian Garrod Part Two: Results and Residuals: The Issue of Impacts 75 5 The Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism 79 Brian Archer, Chris Cooper, and Lisa Ruhanen 6 The Role of Relationships in the Tourist Experience 103 Philip L. Pearce 7 Alternative Tourism: A Comparative Analysis of Meaning and Impact 123 Donald V.L. Macleod 8 The ‘New Pastoral Industry?’: Tourism in Indigenous Australia 140 David Mercer Part Three: Changing Directions: Planning and Development Issues 163 9 Tourism and Sustainable Development 167 Peter E. Murphy and Garry G. Price 10 Addressing Carrying Capacity Issues in Tourism Destinations through Growth Management 194 Peter W. Williams and Alison Gill 11 Sustainable Tourism Standards in the Global Economy 213 Xavier Font vi Contents 12 Stakeholder Involvement in Sustainable Tourism: Balancing the Voices 230 Donald Getz and Seldjan Timur 13 Ethical Considerations in Sustainable Tourism 248 Simon Hudson and Graham Miller Part Four: Places and Products: Marketing and Consumer Issues 267 14 Targeting Segments: More Important than Ever in the Travel Industry 271 Stanley C. Plog 15 Travel Styles 294 Gordon D. Taylor and Nancy E. Chesworth 16 Empirical Market Segmentation: What You See Is What You Get 309 Sara Dolnicar 17 Developing Strategic Approaches to Tourism Destination Marketing: The Australian Experience 326 Bill (H.W.) Faulkner 18 Quality and Sustainability in Established Destinations: Who Pays? 346 Michael Morgan Part Five: Bureaucracy and Procedure: Geopolitical and Policy Issues 363 19 Role of Government Incentives 367 Steven Wanhill 20 Social Identities, Globalisation, and the Cultural Politics of Tourism 391 Peter M. Burns 21 Interventions and Policy Instruments for Sustainable Tourism 406 Bill Bramwell 22 Exploring the Political Role of Gender in Tourism Research 426 Linda K. Richter 23 Crisis Management in Tourist Destinations 440 Gurhan Aktas and Ebru A. Gunlu Part Six: People, Places, Things: Alternate Issues 459 24 Tourism, Mobility, and Global Communities: New Approaches to Theorising Tourism and Tourist Spaces 463 Tim Coles, David Timothy Duval, and C. Michael Hall 25 Globalisation and Emerging Tourism Education Issues 482 Frank M. Go Contents vii 26 Aging Populations: Trends and the Emergence of the Nomad Tourist 510 Chris Ryan and Birgit Trauer 27 Trends Underpinning Global Tourism in the Coming Decade 529 Larry Dwyer Name Index 546 Subject Index 559 Foreword Tourism is one of the most remarkable success stories of modern times. The industry, which began on a massive scale only in the 1960s, has grown rapidly and steadily for the past 30 years in terms of the income it gen- erates and the number of people who travel abroad. It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and shows no signs of slowing down, despite the uncertainty, caused by the events such as September 11, other terrorist threats, and even unexpected new illnesses like SARS in the beginning of the new century. According to World Tourism Organization data, more than 715 million people were travelling internationally in 2002, generating more than US$472 billion in earnings. The outlook for the first decades of the next century is even more astounding. Our forecasts predict 1.6 billion inter- national tourists by the year 2020, spending more than US$2 trillion annu- ally—or US$5 billion every day. As more and more governments recognise the important role that tourism can play in generating badly needed foreign exchange earnings, creating jobs, and contributing to tax revenues, the competition for tourist spending is becoming ever more intense. Pressure on national and local governments to rapidly develop their tourism potential to meet demand and produce benefits, makes it more essential than ever to plan carefully and consider the human and envi- ronmental impacts of tourism development. That is why, as Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization, I am pleased to see the serious analysis of the problems and prospects of the tourism sector as presented in this third edition of Global Tourism: The Next Decade. Tourism is an extremely complex endeavour. Not only are huge amounts of money at stake, we are providing economic incentives for protecting the natural environment, restoring cultural monuments, and preserving native cultures. We are, in a small but important way, con- tributing to understanding among peoples of very different backgrounds. But, above all, we are in the business of providing a break from the stress of everyday routine and fulfilling the dreams of leisure travellers. This book goes a long way toward increasing our understanding about those dreams and complexities that make up the tourism industry. Francesco Frangialli Secretary-General, World Tourism Organization Preface This book was the result of a need for such a collection that the editor per- sonally experienced when attempting to teach a seminar in tourism where no traditional source books were available. It is intended for anyone who is or will be engaged in the tourism industry, regardless of his or her par- ticular field of interest. The work is planned on original lines because the editor has found in his experience as teacher and author that the needs of students and practitioners, whether in university or graduate school, in government or in the private sector, are not met by the usual ‘Introduc- tion to Tourism’ book. Rather, the need is for a new view of the subject that ordinary textbooks tend to separate. This volume draws together the insights of 39 observers commonly con- cerned with the effects of tourism on contemporary society. The chapters represent various viewpoints from leading educators and practitioners from such disciplines as anthropology, economics, environmental science, geography, marketing, political science, psychology, public administra- tion, sociology, and urban planning. The purpose of this book is to present critical issues, problems, and opportunities facing the tourism industry. Tourism problems are complex and interrelated and they suggest myriad crises such as overcrowding of tourist attractions; overuse and destruction of natural resources; resi- dent–host conflicts; loss of cultural heritage; increased crime and prosti- tution; inflation and escalating land costs; and a host of other political, sociocultural, economic, and environmental problems that may be brought about or exacerbated by tourism development. The approach taken by this book is not on a particular subject, but rather the exploration of issues facing those involved in the tourism domain. The scope of the book provides each chapter as a mini-treatise on tourism, from an international perspective. Individual chapters scrutinise, reflect upon, and question the changes and transformations needed. Each chapter pro- vides an exploration of concerns, issues, assumptions, values, and per- ceptions, and the reasoning for a view taken by individual authors. The issues raised in the book will hopefully bring about much needed thought, discussion, reflection, argumentation, and, perhaps, debate. It would be patently absurd to claim that this book encapsulates all that might or should be said about tourism. It should be discerned, however, that an attempt has been made to present the viewpoints of both those who look with optimism at tourism and those who scrutinise it with some skepticism. It has not been a goal to prove any individual point of view xii Preface as the ‘right’ one, but rather to examine the phenomena of tourism as fully as possible. The impetus for this third edition came in large measure from the extremely helpful and highly positive reviews of the first book from the following individuals and publications: Derek Hall, Tourism Management; Paul F. Wilkinson, Annals of Tourism Research; Jonathan Goodrich, Journal of Travel Research; J.R. McDonald, Choice Magazine; John Joseph Courtney, Journal of Vacation Marketing; and reviewer unknown, Future Survey. Now, allow me turn to those whose special individuals whom I sincerely wish to recognise and thank. It would not be possible to have undertaken this project without the love, support, and total commitment of my wife, Sharon. Thank you for being by my side through the years. To my children, Gregg and Amanda, may your lives be filled with as much happiness as you have given me over the years.