9ROXPH,,,VVXH,,,-XO\,661 THE CULTURAL AND LITERARY CONTRIBUTION OF NAWAB WAJID ALI SHAH Dr. Tahir Hussain Ansari Assistant Professor, Department of History, Assam University, Diphu KarbiAnglong, Assam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arikhana DERGHRIIDLULHV ZKHUHKXQGUHGVRIEHDXWLIXO DQG WDOHQWHG JLUOV ZHUH WDXJKW PXVLF DQG GDQFH E\ H[SHUW WHDFKHUV HQJDJHG E\ UR\DO SDWURQ 7KHVHJLUOVZHUHNQRZQDVParees or fairiesZLWKIDQF\QDPHVVXFKDVSultan Pari, Mahrukh PariDQGVRRQ2QHDFKRIKLVELUWKGD\WKH nawabZRXOGGUHVVXSDVDyogLZLWKVDIIURQUREHV 1Kamaluddin,QaisarͲutͲTawarikh,pp.34 2LalajiWaldSitalPrasad,MiratulAwaza(Persianms)p475;RazaLibrary,Rampur. 3MahalKhanaͲiͲShahi,UrdutranslationofWajidAliShah’sIshqNamah,p.11. 4MiratͲulAwzah,p.10 5MahalKhanaͲiͲShahi,pp.38,48 6Ibid. KWWSZZZLMHOOKFRP 9ROXPH,,,VVXH,,,-XO\,661 DVKRISHDUOVVPHDUHGRQKLVIDFHDQGERG\QHFNODFHVRISHDUOVDURXQGKLVQHFNDQGDURVDU\LQ KLV KDQG DQG ZDON SRPSRXVO\ LQWR WKH FRXUW ZLWK WZR RI KLV parees GUHVVHG XS DV Jogans *UDGXDOO\KHPDGHLWLQWRDVSHFWDFXODUSDJHDQWRUmelaNQRZQDV Jogia JashanLQZKLFKDOO FLWL]HQVRI/XFNQRZGUHVVHGDVMRJLVDQGLUUHVSHFWLYHRIFDVWHDQGFUHHGFRXOGSDUWLFLSDWH,WZDV WKLV Jogia Jashan WKDWWRRNWKHFXUWDLQXSRQWKH+LQGXVWDQWKHDWUH¶/DWHURQZKHQKLVIDYRXULWH YHQXHWKH.DLVDUEDJK%DUDGDULZDVEXLOWKHEHJDQWRVWDJHKLVPDJQLILFHQW Rahas ZKLFKZDV REYLRXVO\DSHUVLDQLVHGQDPHIRU Rasleela IXOORIVHQVXRXVSRHWU\ZKLFKZHUHKLVRZQO\ULFDO FRPSRVLWLRQVXQGHUWKHSHQQDPHAkhtarpiya*ODPRURXV.DWKDNGDQFHVZHUHDOVRVWDJHGDWWKLV YHQXH:DMLG$OL6KDKLQKLVERRNHQWLWOHGµ¶Bani¶¶PHQWLRQVW\SHVRIRahasDOOVHWLQ.DWKDN VW\OH ZLWK FRORXUIXO QDPHV OLNH Mor Chatri, Ghunghat Salami Mor PankhiDQG Mujra DQG JLYHV H[KDXVWLYH QRWHV DERXW WKH FRVWXPHV MHZHOHUV DQG VWDJHFUDIW 5DKDV SUHSDUHG DW D IDEXORXV FRVW RI VHYHUDO ODNKV RI UXSHHV EHFDPH YHU\ SRSXODU DQG ZDV SHUIRUPHG DW WKH .DLVDUEDJK 5DKDV 0DQ]LO ZKLFK WKXV HPHUJHG DV WKH µILUVW +LQGXVWDQLV WKHDWUH¶ 0DQ\ KDYH UHJDUGHG:DMLG$OL6KDKDVWKHILUVWSOD\ZULJKWRIWKH+LQGXVWDQLVWKHDWUH¶EHFDXVHKLV5DGKD .DQKDL\D.D.LVVDVWDJHGLQWKH5DKDV0DQ]LOZDVWKHILUVWSOD\RIWKLVNLQG,WIHDWXUHG5DGKD .ULVKQDVHYHUDO6DNKLVDQGD9LGXVKDNDOLNHFKDUDFWHUFDOOHGRamchera6RQJVGDQFHVPLPH DQGGUDPDZHUHDOOGHOLJKWIXOO\V\QWKHVL]HGLQWKHVH5DKDVSHUIRUPDQFHV+HGUDPDWL]HGPDQ\ RWKHU SRHPV VXFK DV Darya-iTaasshuq, Afsan-i-IsbagDQGBahar-iUlfat ,W ZDV VDLG WKDW $PDQDW¶VInder SabhaZDVLQVSLUHGE\GDQFHGUDPDVZULWWHQSURGXFHGDQGVWDJHGE\1DZDE :DMLG$OL6KDK .DWKDN GDQFH DWWDLQHG QHZ KHLJKWV RI SRSXODULW\ DQG JORU\ XQGHU :DMLG $OL 6KDK¶V H[SHUW JXLGDQFH DQG ODYLVK SDWURQDJH 7KDNXU 3UDVDG ZDV KLV .DWKDNJXUXDQG WKH XQIRUJHWWDEOH 7SyedMasoodHasanRizvi,UrduDramaAurStage,p.7,SafdarHussain,LucknowKiTahzeebiMeeras,p.203 8Ibid.alsoRanbirSingh,WajidAliShah,theTragicKing,p.90. 9SyedMasoodHasanRizvi,op.cit.,p.203 10Ibid. 11RanbirSingh,WajidAliShah,theTragicKing,p.91. 12Ibid.,pp.92Ͳ93 13Ibid.pp.93Ͳ100. 14Marg,Englishsixmonthlyjournals,Bombay,Sept.1959(article)ofMulkRajAnand,p.10. KWWSZZZLMHOOKFRP 9ROXPH,,,VVXH,,,-XO\,661 .DOND%LQGD EURWKHUV SHUIRUPHG LQ KLV FRXUW :LWK WKH JUDQG SDJHDQWU\ RI WKH Rahas, Jogia JashanGDQFHGUDPDVDQG.DWKDNSHUIRUPDQFHV/XFNQRZEHFDPHWKHPDJQHWLFFXOWXUDOFHQWUH ZKHUH WKH PRVW UHSXWHG PXVLFLDQV GDQFHUV DQG LQVWUXPHQWDOLVWV RI WKH WLPH HQMR\HG KLV PXQLILFHQWSDWURQDJHDQGKRVSLWDOLW\7KHUHZHUHPHQRIOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKHVDPHQXPEHU RIPHQRIPXVLFGDQFHGUDPDDQGSK\VLFLDQVDWWKHFRXUWRI:DMLG$OL6KDK +H FRPSRVHG WKH IDPRXV Bhairavi Thumri OLNH¶¶ Babul Mora Naihar Chchooto Jaay, chaar kahar mil, mori doliya Uthayo, Mora Apna begana chchooto jay.’’ ,WLVZHOONQRZQIDFWWKDWµ¶ /XFNQRZLVWKHPRWKHUDQG%DQDUDVWKHVZHHWKHDUWRIWKHµ¶7KXPULVW\OH¶¶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ogi, Juhi, Shah PasandHWF ,QWKHDUWRISOD\LQJsitar:DMLG$OL6KDKZDVDGLVFLSOHRI4XWXE$OL.KDQ+HKDGDOVR NQRZOHGJH RI 'KUXSDG DQG .KD\DO0LU]D 5DMDE $OL %HJ µ6DUZDU¶ ZKR ZDV KLPVHOI ZHOO YHUVHGLQWKHDUWRIPXVLFSUDLVHG:DMLG$OL6KDKIRUKLVNQRZOHGJHDQGFUHDWLYLW\LQWKHILHOGRI PXVLFDQGVDLGµ¶LQWKHSUHVHQFHRI:DMLG$OL6KDKQRPXVLFLDQGDUHGWRRSHQKLVPRXWK¶¶ 15RanbirSingh,op.cit.pp.113Ͳ117. 16Ibid.pp.113Ͳ128. 17WajidAliShah,HuznͲiͲAkhtari,p71.KaukabQadrSajjadAliMirza,WajidAliShah,AdabiAurShaqaftiKhidmat, p460. 18Marg,op.cit.pp.2Ͳ3. 19SyedSafdarHussain,LucknowKiTahzeebiMeeras,p.247. 20Ibid. 21SyedSafdarHussain,MahalKhanͲiͲShahi,pp.40Ͳ41. 22MirzaRajabAliBegSarwar,FasanͲiͲIbrat,pp.84Ͳ85. 23FasanͲiͲIbrat,p.84. KWWSZZZLMHOOKFRP 9ROXPH,,,VVXH,,,-XO\,661 +HDOVRKDGDQLQWHUHVWLQMRNHVRUFRPHG\IXQDQGKHLVFRQVLGHUHGRQHRIWKHJUHDWFUHDWLYHLQ WKHILHOG+HZDVDIDVKLRQDEOHVXOWDQ+HSUHIHUUHGDQGZRUQFORWKHVDFFRUGLQJWRQHZIDVKLRQ 7KHFRXUWLHUVZRUH7RSL FDSV ZKLFKZHUHGHVLJQHGE\:DMLG$OL6KDK7KHVHFDSVZHUHFDOOHG Badshah Alam Pasand ZKLOHWKHFRPPRQSHRSOHQDPHGLWJhula.25+HDOZD\VZDQWHGWRFUHDWH VRPHWKLQJQHZLQVHQVHRIGUHVVLQJDQGEXLOGLQJGHFRUDWLRQEXWKHFRXOGQRWJHWHQRXJKWLPH 1DZDE:DMLG$OL6KDKXVHGVRPHWHFKQLFDOWHUPRUVODQJH[SUHVVLRQIRUVRPHZRUGVHJAb-e Haram IRUSharab ZLQH Shabb-i- Khawabi IRURazaee, Aram payee IRU jutee, lab Maashuq IRU Huqqa,HWF :DMLG$OL6KDKKDGJRRGLQWHUHVWLQJDUGHQLQJDQGDUFKLWHFWXUH$JDUGHQZDVFUHDWHGDQGLWZDV QDPHGDVHuzur Bagh.28$URXQGLWZDVDEURDGURDGZKLFKDOORZHGWKUHHFDUULDJHVWRSDVVVLGH E\ VLGH 7KH EDQDQD WUHHV ZHUH SODQWHG RQ ERWK WKH VLGHV RI WKH URDG 7KHUH ZHUH WZR SUHWW\ FDQDOV RQ WZR VLGHV RI WKH JDUGHQ RQH FDOOHG Chashm-i-Shirin DQG RWKHU Chasma-i-Faiz ERWK VWXGGHGZLWKIRXQWDLQVZLWKVSUD\VRIZDWHUIDOOLQJLQWREHDXWLIXOFDVFDGHV+HDOVREXLOWWKUHH SDODFHVGXULQJKLVSULQFHKRRGShahanshah Manzil ZDVWKHZLQWHUSDODFHZKLOHMakan-i-Khas ZDVIRUVXPPHUV7KHFalak Sair ZDVRQWKHFRQWUDU\XVHGGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ+HDOVR VWDUWHG D QHZ FDOHQGDU Wajadi VLQFH WK =LONDGDK $+ Wajidi, Muhammadi, Akhtari, Sikandari, Sulaimani Nabi, Imami Sanober, Maratib, Mansuri, Husaini, Asna Asri ZHUH WKH WZHOYHPRQWKVRIKLVFDOHQGDU\HDU +HXVHG(QJOLVKZD\RISDUDGHOLNHULJKWZKHHOOHIWWXUQDQGDERXWWXUQ+HWULHGWRGHYHORSKLV DUP\RQWKHSDWWHUQRIWKH%ULWLVK+HPDLQWDLQHGZRPHQUHJLPHQWVDQGWUDLQHGWKHPIXOO\ZLWK 24KaukabQadarSajjadAliMirza,WajidAliShah,AdbiaurShaqaftiKhidmat,p.456. 25JanͲiͲAlam,p.26. 26MirzaMohd.Taqi,AftabͲiͲAwadh,p.152 27QadeemHunras,pp.36Ͳ37. 28Ibid.p.96 29Ibid. 30Ibid. 31LucknowKaShahiStage,pp.181Ͳ82 32Ibid. 33MahalKhanͲiͲShahi,p.52 KWWSZZZLMHOOKFRP 9ROXPH,,,VVXH,,,-XO\,661 PLOLWDU\ DUWV7KH\ ZHUH VXFK D VKDUS VKRRWHU WKDW WKH %ULWLVK VROGLHU GLG QRW GDUH WR HQWHU Sikander Bagh GXULQJWKHUHEHOOLRQRIZKHQWKHVHZRPHQZHUHDOLYH+HZDQWHGWRJLYH DQHZFRORUWRKLVFXOWXUHE\DVVLPLODWLQJ%ULWLVKFXOWXUHLQLWEXWKHIRXQGWKHGLIILFXOWLHVDVKH GLGQRWNQRZ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDQGDOVRKHFRXOGQRWHVWDEOLVKFRUGLDOUHODWLRQZLWKWKH%ULWLVK :DMLG$OL6KDKZDVDPDQRIOLWHUDWXUH+HSHQQHGRYHUERRNVRQGLIIHUHQWWKHPHV1RZZH KDYHWRGLVFXVVVRPHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWERRNVZKLFKKDYHEHHQDXWKRUHGE\:DMLG$OL6KDKLQ 8UGX3HUVLDQDQG+LQGLODQJXDJHV Afsan-e Ishq (Urdu)LVDastan-I Masnavi IDQWDV\ ORYH VWRU\ LQ WKH IRUP RI SRHWU\ ,W FRPSULVHGRIDOPRVWWKUHHWKRXVDQGHLJKWKXQGUHGFRXSOHWV:HILQGWKHGHVFULSWLRQRID+HUR KLVELUWKKLVHGXFDWLRQEURXJKWXSDGXOWKRRGDQGKLVLQIDWXDWLRQDQGORYHIRUDEHDXWLIXOJLUO 7KHQKHVWUXJJOHVDJDLQVWdevs WRJHWKLVORYH,QKLVEDWWOHDJDLQVWdevs,KHZDVKHOSHGE\WKH OHDGHURIWKHParees IDLULHV +HVXFFHHGHGWRGHIHDWdevs DQGUHWXUQHGDORQJZLWKKLVEULGH7KH SUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKLVORYHVWRU\LQWKHIRUPRISRHWU\LVEHDXWLIXO Dariyay-e Taasshuq (Urdu): ,WLVDastan-e Masnavi40 DQGKDVWKUHHWKRXVDQGFRXSOHWV,WLVD ORYHVWRU\7KHUHZDVDNLQJZKRGLGQRWKDYHDQ\KHLU$IWHUSUD\HUDQGGHYRWLRQWR*RGIRUD ORQJSHULRGDGDXJKWHUZDVERUQWRNLQJ6KHZDVQDPHGDV*KD]DOD'XULQJKHUDGXOWKRRGWKH SULQFHVV*KD]DODKDVIDOOHQLQORYHZLWK0DKURRRQHRIWKHSULQFHVRI.KDWDQ.LQJGRP2Q WKHRWKHUVLGH/DOSDULRQHRIWKHpari IDLU\ DOVRIDOOHQLQORYHWRVDPH0DKURRDQGWRRNKLPLQ KHUFXVWRG\0DKURRORYH*KD]DODEXWKHZDVKHOSOHVV,QWKHPHDQWLPH*KD]DODZDVHQJDJHGWR DQRWKHU SULQFH DJDLQVW KHU ZLVK $ QHZ GHYHORSPHQW WRRN SODFH LQ ZKLFK WKH OHDGHU RI jinn FDUULHGDZD\*KD]DODIURPPDUULDJHFHUHPRQ\DQGEURXJKW0DKURRDQG*KD]DODWRJHWKHU:KHQ /DO3DULJRWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWKHUSULVRQHUKDVEHHQUHOHDVHGE\WKHOHDGHURIjinn,VKHDORQJ 34Ibid.p.73 35S.N.Sen,EighteenFiftyseven,Delhi,1959,p.242. 36G.D.Bhatnagar,AwadhunderWajidAliShah,Varanasi,pp.59Ͳ63. 37KaukabQadrSajjadAliMirza,op.cit.,pp.110Ͳ113 38KaukabSajjadAliMirza,WajidAliShah,AdbiAurShaqaftiKhidmat,p.113. 39Ibid.p.119 40Ibid.p.120 41Ibid.pp.121Ͳ22 KWWSZZZLMHOOKFRP 9ROXPH,,,VVXH,,,-XO\,661 ZLWKKHUDUP\DWWDFNHGRYHUjinn. ,QWKHILJKWEHWZHHQdevsDQGjinnWKHODWWHUZHUHVXFFHVVIXO $IWHU KHU GHIHDW LQ WKH ZDU DQG ORYH /DO 3DUL GHFLGHG WR FRPPLW VXLFLGH EXW *KD]DOD V\PSDWKHVLVHG ZLWK KHU DQG SHUVXDGHG 0DKURR WR PDUU\ /DO 3DUL DOVR7KXV 0DKURR ILUVW JRW PDUU\WR*KD]DODDQGWKHQWR/DO3DUL7KHSDUHQWVRI0DKURRDQG*KD]DODEHFDPHJODGZLWKWKLV GHFLVLRQ,QWKLVORYHVWRU\ZHILQGGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWRIWKHKXPDQIHHOLQJDQGH[SUHVVLRQHJ HQY\OXVWORYHMHDORXV\HPRWLRQHWF Bahr-e Ulfat (Urdu):