National Park Service Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Long-term Viability of Department of the Interior Bison Under Current Management and Potential Metapopulation Management Strategies Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD—2020/2097 ON THE COVER Bison at the National Bison Range, National Wildlife Refuge System Photography by: DAVE FITZPATRICK Long-term Viability of Department of the Interior Bison Under Current Management and Potential Metapopulation Management Strategies Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD—2020/2097 Cynthia Hartway Wildlife Conservation Society Bozeman, MT Amanda Hardy National Park Service, Biological Resources Division / Climate Change Response Program Fort Collins, CO Lee Jones US Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Health, Natural Resource Program Center Bozeman, MT Brendan Moynahan National Park Service, Rocky Mountains Cooperative Ecosytems Studies Unit (DOI Regions 5, 7, 9) Missoula, MT Kathy Traylor-Holzer International Union for the Conservation of Nature - Species Survival Commission Conservation Planning Specialist Group Apple Valley, MN Blake McCann National Park Service, Theodore Roosevelt National Park Medora, ND Keith Aune Wildlife Conservation Society (retired) Bozeman, MT Glenn Plumb National Park Service, Biological Resources Division (retired) International Union for the Conservation of Nature - Species Survival Commission, Bison Specialist Group Livingston, MT March 2020 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of -re ports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not consti- tute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/ nrpm/) on the Internet. If you have difficulty accessing information in this publication, particularly if using assistive technology, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Hartway, C., A. Hardy, L. Jones, B. Moynahan, K. Traylor-Holzer, B. McCann, K. Aune, G. Plumb. 2020. Long-term viability of Department of the Interior bison under current management and potential metapopulation management strategies. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD—2020/2097. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 999/167376, March 2020 ii Contents Page Figures . v Tables . viii Executive Summary . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi Acknowledgements . .. xiv Acronyms . xv Glossary . .. xvi 1. Introduction . 1 2. Assessing the Current Genetic, Demographic, and Management Status of Department of Interior Bison Herds . 5 2.1 Introduction . 5 2.2 Methods . 5 Collection of Demographic and Management Data . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Collection of Genetic Samples and DNA Extraction . 5 Genetic Analyses . 6 2.3 Results . 8 Demographic and Management Data . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8 Genetic Sampling . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8 Genetic Analyses . 8 2.4 Discussion . 12 3. Assessing the Viability of DOI Bison Under Current Management Conditions . .. 19 3.1 Introduction . 19 3.2 Methods . 20 Model Description . 20 Model Parameterization . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Demographic Rates . 20 Genetic Factors . 25 Output and Analysis . 26 3.3 Results . 28 Population Persistence and Growth . 28 Genetic Diversity . .. 28 Genetic Redundancy . .. 29 3.4 Discussion . 31 4. Evaluating the Effects of Metapopulation Management on the Genetic Diversity and Population Viabil- ity of DOI Bison . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 iii Contents (continued) Page 4.1 Introduction . 36 4.2 Methods . 39 Developing Metapopulation Management Scenarios . 39 Source Herd Scenarios . 39 Size and Frequency of Translocations . 43 Simulation Modeling . .. 43 Model Outputs and Analysis . 43 4.3 Results . 43 Source Herd Scenario 1 – Genetically Least-Related . 43 Source Herd Scenario 2 - Sequential Rotation of Source Herd at Every Translocation (‘Alternating’) . 44 Source Herd Scenario 3 – Geographically Closest Herd Within Lineage . 45 Source Herd Scenario 4 – Genetically Least-Related Within Lineage . ������������������������������������������������� 47 Source Herd Scenario 5 – Geographically Closest . 48 Projected Changes to Genetic Diversity at the Metapopulation Level . .. 51 Evaluating Genetic Redundancy across Herds . 53 4.4 Discussion . 56 5. Management Implications and Recommendations . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 General Principles for a DOI Metapopulation Strategy . 64 Genetics . 64 Data Management . .. 65 Herd Size and Establishing New Herds . 66 Key Research Needs . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 Wildlife Health . .. 66 Local Management Issues . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67 Criteria for Assessing Metapopulation Partners . 67 Partner and Stakeholder Engagement . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 6. Conclusions . 69 Literature Cited . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 Appendix A. DOI Bison Herd Information Questionnaire . .. 77 Appendix B. Bison loci used in this study . 87 Appendix C. Results of the Fisher’s exact test . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 88 Appendix D. Bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals for pairwise STF values between herds. 90 Appendix E. Estimating Relatedness of Bison Herds Using Microsatellite Markers . ���������������������������������������������� 91 Appendix F. Pairwise Gene Identity Values (Jxy) between Herds . 93 Appendix G. Pairwise Geographic Distances between Herds . 94 iv Figures Page Figure 1.1. Map of all DOI plains bison herds.* Open circles indicate unfenced herds; shaded circles fenced herds. *The Book Cliffs herd is managed cooperatively by the BLM, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, and the Ute Indian Tribe Fish and Wildlife Department; the Henry Mountains herd is managed cooperatively by the BLM and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources; and the Wrangell-St. Elias herds are managed cooperatively by the NPS and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2 Figure 2.3.1. a) Expected heterozygosity (He); and b) allelic richness (Ar) of each of 16 DOI bison herds and two Parks Canada herds sampled in this study. Shaded bars denote the estimated herd size at the time of sampling. Error bars denote standard error. 11 Figure 2.3.2. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) values for the fit of genetic data sampled from 16 DOI and two Parks Canada herds to models with increasing numbers (k; from 1 to 20) of distinct genetic clusters. Lower BIC scores indicate a better fit of the model to the data. ���������������������������������������������������������� 12 Figure 2.3.3. a) The genetic structure of 16 DOI and two Parks Canada herds sampled in this analysis. Points represent individual bison samples, and the numbered circles represent the 10 unique genetically differentiated clusters in the bison data; b) the relative number of individual samples from each herd as- signed to each genetic cluster. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Figure 3.2.1. Survival
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