jkpo;ehL jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; TAMIL NADU OPEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION Bachelor of Education in Special Education (B.Ed.Spl.Ed.) SEMESTER – I SED-11 HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT No. 577, Anna Salai, Saidapet, Chennai – 600 015 www.tnou.ac.in TAMIL NADU OPEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION January, 2021 © Tamil Nadu Open University All Rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from Tamil Nadu Open University. Further information on Tamil Nadu Open University programmes may be obtained from the University Office at Saidapet, Chennai - 600 015 and Website: www.tnou.ac.in 20-03-2021 Dear Learner, Warm Greetings! I deem it a great pleasure in welcoming you to our vibrant Open and Distance Learning family of Tamil Nadu Open University (TNOU). Being approved by the University Grants Commission and Distance Education Bureau, the TNOU is striving hard to ensure qualitative Open, Distance and Online Education (ODOE). The University is contributing not only serving to reach the unreached, but also enhancing the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) by offering various programmes at different levels for the needy and interested. You are taking up the B.Ed.,Special Education programme as a professional study by merit. The B.Ed.Special Education Programme offered by the TNOU is recognized by the Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI), the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the State Government. You might be aware that the trained teachers/personnel/professionals who come out from this programme of study can work in the special schools, inclusive setting, colleges and rehabilitation centres, and such certified persons alone are eligible to work with, train persons with disabilities as per the law enforcement in our country. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 stated that all the children with disabilities between 6-18 yrs of age are to be considered for inclusive education. Accordingly, the syllabus of B.Ed.Spl.Ed.Programme has been framed and updated including current practices, latest policies and Acts, and innovative models and strategies in the field of disability and non-disabil- ity areas. The Self -Learning Materials (SLM) prepared with the help of subject experts and as per the UGC Guidelines & SLM Policy of TNOU. The handy SLM would be very much helpful for you, and teachers, parents, and other professionals dealing with persons with disabilities. I wish you great success in all your endeavors and to become a versatile special educator. With regards, (K.PARTHASARATHY) TAMIL NADU OPEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILIATION SED – 11 HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BLOCK 1 Approaches to Human Development BLOCK 2 Theoretical Approaches to Development BLOCK 3 The Early Years (Birth to Eight Years) BLOCK 4 Early Adolescence (From Nine Years to Eighteen Years) BLOCK 5 Transition into Adulthood SED – 11 HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT COURSE INTRODUCTION The course ‘Human Growth and Development’ consists of five units. They are: Block 1: Approaches to Human Development Block 2: Theoretical Approaches to Development Block 3: The Early Years Block 4: Early Adolescence Block 5: Transition into Adulthood Block 1 deals with the human development as a discipline from infancy to adulthood, concepts and principles of development, developing stages of human development, nature vs nurture, and domains of development. Block 2 deals with the cognitive and social-cognitive theories, psycho-social theory, psycho-analytical theory, ecological theory, and holistic theory of development. Block 3 deals with the prenatal development, birth and neonatal development, milestones and variations in development, environmental factors influencing early childhood development, and role of play in enhancing development. Block 4 deals with emerging capabilities across domains of physical and social emotional, cognition, metacognition, creativity and ethics, issues related to puberty, gender and development, and influence of the environment (social, cultural, political) on the growing child. Block 5 deals with psychological well-being, formation of identity and self-concept, emerging role and responsibilities of adulthood, life skills and independent living, and career choices. This course aims at developing the understanding of basic concepts and principles of human growth and development, and their implications for the teacher. To principles of achieve this goal, you will study various aspects of human development. You will also study the factors influencing growth and development. The human developmental process and theories of development discussed in this course in detail. This will help you to find out the role and role and responsibilities of adulthood and help to develop basic life skills and independent living. BLOCK 1 APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Structure Introduction Objectives Unit 1 Human development as a discipline from infancy to adulthood Unit 2 Concepts and Principles of development Unit 3 Developing stages of human development 3.1 Prenatal 3.1.1 Germinal 3.1.2 Embryonic 3.1.3 Foetal 3.2 Postnatal 3.2.1 Infancy 3.2.2 Childhood 3.3.3 Adolescence 3.3.4 Adulthood 3.3.5 Senescence 3.3.6 Old age Unit 4 Nature vs Nurture Unit 5 Domains of development Let us sum up Glossaries Answers to Check your progress Suggested Readings INTRODUCTION Human development characteristically passes through different stages. These stages are orderly and sequentially linked with the preceding and succeeding stages. Features unique to each stage change from stage to stage. They also vary from person to person thus making us unique in our own way. For some of us, these factors may move on smoothly while others may experience ups and downs. These factors and the way they are established in each person mark the foundation of the human personality. Let us familiarize ourselves with some important concepts which are used in analyzing the journey of life. 3 OBJECTIVES After going through this block, you will be able to: distinguish pure psychology and applied psychology define developmental psychology differentiate growth and development explain principles of development comprehend the physical development in various stages realize the role of nature and nurture in human development UNIT 1 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AS A DISCIPLINE FROM INFANCY TO ADULTHOOD OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you will be able to: Explain human development. Describe developmental changes from infancy to adulthood. Psychology is divided into two broad categories, namely: Pure psychology and Applied Psychology. Pure Psychology provides the framework and theory of the subject. Its contents deal with the formulation of Psychological principles and theories. It also suggests various methods and techniques for the analysis, assessment, modification and improvement of behaviour. Applied Psychology applies the psychological rules, principles, theories and techniques with reference to real life situations. Pure and applied Psychology has various branches. Various branches of pure and applied Psychology can be represented in the pictorial form as below: 4 Fig. 1.1 Various Branches of Pure and Applied Psychology Developmental psychology is the scientific study of age‐related changes throughout the human life span. A discipline of scientific inquiry, developmental psychology recognizes humans of all societies and cultures as beings who are ―in process,‖ or constantly growing and changing. This discipline identifies the biological, psychological, and social aspects that interact to influence the growing human life‐span process. Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to explain how thinking, feeling and behaviour change throughout life. This field examines change across three major dimensions: physical development, cognitive development and socio-emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of topics including motor skills, executive functions, moral understanding, language acquisition, social change, personality, emotional development, self-concept and identity formation. Developmental psychology is a scientific approach which aims to explain growth, change and consistency though the lifespan. Developmental psychology looks at how thinking, feeling and behavior change throughout a person‘s life. A significant proportion of theories within this discipline focus upon development during childhood, as this is the period during an individual's lifespan when the most changes occur. Developmental psychologists study a wide range of theoretical areas, such as biological, social, emotion and cognitive processes. Empirical 5 research in this area tends to be dominated by psychologists from Western cultures such as North American and Europe, although during the 1980s Japanese researchers began making a valid contribution to the field. The three goals of developmental psychology are to describe, explain and to optimize development. To describe development it is necessary to focus both on typical patterns of change (normative development) and on individual variations in patterns of change (i.e. idiographic development). Although there are typical pathways of development