LIFE The Science of Biology TENTH EDITION DAVID SADAVA The Claremont Colleges DAVID M. HILLIS University of Texas H. CRAIG HELLER Stanford University MAY R. BERENBAUM University of Illinois SINAUER MACMILLAN © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. Contents in Brief PART ONE THE SCIENCE OF LIFE AND ITS 29 The Evolution of Seed Plants 588 CHEMICAL BASIS 30 The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi 608 1 Studying Life 1 31 Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans 629 2 Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life 21 32 Protostome Animals 651 3 Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids 39 33 Deuterostome Animals 678 4 Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life 62 PART EIGHT FLOWERING PLANTS: PART TWO CELLS FORM AND FUNCTION 5 Cells: The Working Units of Life 77 34 The Plant Body 708 6 Cell Membranes 105 35 Transport in Plants 726 7 Cell Communication and Multicellularity 125 36 Plant Nutrition 740 37 Regulation of Plant Growth 756 PART THREE CELLS AND ENERGY 38 Reproduction in Flowering Plants 778 8 Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism 144 39 Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges 797 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy 165 10 Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight 185 PART NINE ANIMALS: FORM AND FUNCTION PART FOUR GENES AND HEREDITY 40 Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature 11 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division 205 Regulation 815 12 Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes 232 41 Animal Hormones 834 13 DNA and Its Role in Heredity 259 42 Immunology: Animal Defense Systems 856 14 From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression 281 43 Animal Reproduction 880 15 Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine 304 44 Animal Development 902 16 Regulation of Gene Expression 328 45 Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems 924 PART FIVE GENOMES 46 Sensory Systems 946 17 Genomes 352 47 The Mammalian Nervous System 967 18 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology 373 48 Musculoskeletal Systems 986 19 Differential Gene Expression in Development 392 49 Gas Exchange 1005 20 Genes, Development, and Evolution 412 50 Circulatory Systems 1025 51 Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption 1048 PART SIX THE PATTERNS AND PROCESSES 52 Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen OF EVOLUTION Excretion 1071 21 Mechanisms of Evolution 427 53 Animal Behavior 1093 22 Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies 449 23 Speciation 467 PART TEN ECOLOGY 24 Evolution of Genes and Genomes 485 54 Ecology and the Distribution of Life 1121 25 The History of Life on Earth 505 55 Population Ecology 1149 56 Species Interactions and Coevolution 1169 PART SEVEN THE EVOLUTION OF DIVERSITY 57 Community Ecology 1188 26 Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses 525 58 Ecosystems and Global Ecology 1207 27 The Origin and Diversifi cation of Eukaryotes 549 59 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 1228 28 Plants without Seeds: From Water to Land 569 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. 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Contents PART ONE The Science of Life and Its Chemical Basis 1 Studying Life 1 1.1 What Is Biology? 2 Life arose from non-life via chemical evolution 3 Cellular structure evolved in the common ancestor of life 3 Photosynthesis allows some organisms to capture energy from the sun 4 Biological information is contained in a genetic language common Biology is the basis of medical Hydrophobic interactions bring to all organisms 5 practice 15 together nonpolar Populations of all living organisms Biology can inform public policy 16 molecules 30 evolve 6 Biology is crucial for understanding van der Waals forces involve Biologists can trace the ecosystems 17 contacts between atoms 30 evolutionary tree of life 6 Biology helps us understand and 2.3 How Do Atoms Change Cellular specialization and appreciate biodiversity 17 Partners in Chemical differentiation underlie Reactions? 31 multicellular life 9 Small Molecules Living organisms interact with one 2.4 What Makes Water So another 9 2 and the Chemistry Important for Life? 32 Nutrients supply energy and are Water has a unique structure and the basis of biosynthesis 10 of Life 21 special properties 32 Living organisms must regulate The reactions of life take place in their internal environment 10 2.1 How Does Atomic Structure aqueous solutions 33 Explain the Properties of 1.2 How Do Biologists Aqueous solutions may be acidic or Matter? 22 Investigate Life? 11 basic 34 An element consists of only one Observing and quantifying are kind of atom 22 important skills 11 Proteins, Each element has a unique number Scientific methods combine of protons 22 observation, experimentation, 3 Carbohydrates, and logic 11 The number of neutrons differs among isotopes 22 and Lipids 39 Good experiments have the potential to falsify The behavior of electrons hypotheses 12 determines chemical bonding 3.1 What Kinds of Molecules and geometry 24 Characterize Living Statistical methods are essential scientific tools 13 2.2 How Do Atoms Bond to Things? 40 Discoveries in biology can be Form Molecules? 26 Functional groups give specific generalized 14 properties to biological Covalent bonds consist of shared molecules 40 Not all forms of inquiry are pairs of electrons 26 scientific 14 Isomers have different Ionic attractions form by electrical arrangements of the same 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? attraction 28 atoms 41 15 Hydrogen bonds may form within The structures of macromolecules or between molecules with polar reflect their functions 41 Modern agriculture depends on covalent bonds 30 biology 15 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. 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XXII Contents Most macromolecules are formed Monosaccharides are simple DNA carries information and is by condensation and broken sugars 52 expressed through RNA 65 down by hydrolysis 42 Glycosidic linkages bond The DNA base sequence reveals 3.2 What Are the Chemical monosaccharides 53 evolutionary relationships 66 Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides store energy and Nucleotides have other important Proteins? 42 provide structural materials 53 roles 66 Chemically modified carbohydrates 4.2 How and Where Did the Amino acids are the building blocks contain additional functional of proteins 43 groups 55 Small Molecules of Life Peptide linkages form the Originate? 67 backbone of a protein 43 3.4 What Are the Chemical Experiments disproved the The primary structure of a protein Structures and Functions of spontaneous generation of is its amino acid sequence 45 Lipids? 56 life 67 The secondary structure of a Fats and oils are triglycerides 56 Life began in water 68 protein requires hydrogen Phospholipids form biological Life may have come from outside bonding 45 membranes 57 Earth 69 The tertiary structure of a protein is Some lipids have roles in energy Prebiotic synthesis experiments formed by bending and conversion, regulation, and model early Earth 69 folding 46 protection 57 The quaternary structure of a 4.3 How Did the Large protein consists of subunits 48 Molecules of Life Shape and surface chemistry Nucleic Acids Originate? 71 contribute to protein and the Origin of Chemical evolution may have led to function 48 4 polymerization 71 Environmental conditions affect Life 62 RNA may have been the first protein structure 50 biological catalyst 71 Protein shapes can change 50 4.1 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of 4.4 How Did the First Cells Molecular chaperones help shape Originate? 71 proteins 51 Nucleic Acids? 63 Experiments explore the origin of Nucleotides are the building blocks 3.3 What Are the Chemical cells 73 of nucleic acids 63 Structures and Functions of Some ancient cells left a fossil Base pairing occurs in both DNA Carbohydrates? 51 imprint 74 and RNA 63 PART TWO Cells Cells: The Working Organelles can be studied by The extracellular matrix supports microscopy or isolated for tissue functions in animals 100 5 chemical analysis 84 Units of Life 77 5.5 How Did Eukaryotic Cells Ribosomes are factories for protein Originate? 101 5.1 What Features Make Cells synthesis 84 the Fundamental Units of The nucleus contains most of the Internal membranes and the generic information 85 nuclear envelope probably came Life? 78 from the plasma The endomembrane system is a Cell size is limited by the surface membrane 101 area-to-volume ratio 78 group of interrelated organelles 88 Some organelles arose by Microscopes reveal the features of endosymbiosis 102 cells 79 Some organelles transform energy 91 The plasma membrane forms the outer surface of every cell 79 There are several other membrane-enclosed Cells are classified as either organelles 93 prokaryotic or eukaryotic 81 The cytoskeleton is important in 5.2 What Features Characterize cell structure and Prokaryotic Cells? 82 movement 94 Prokaryotic cells share certain Biologists can manipulate living features 82 systems to establish cause and effect 98 Specialized features are found in some prokaryotes 83 5.4 What Are the Roles of 5.3 What Features Characterize Extracellular Eukaryotic Cells? 84 Structures? 99 Compartmentalization is the key to The plant cell wall is an eukaryotic cell function 84 extracellular structure 99 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. Contents XXIII Cell A signal transduction pathway involves a signal, a receptor,