International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications ISSN: 2456-9992 The Strategy Of Rare Earth Elements And Their Role In Industrial Development Imtithal Ali Mohamed Daffall Ministry of energy and mining Geological research authority of Sudan P. box 410. - PH-00249111660167 [email protected] Abstract: In light of the world’s search for new, clean and sustainable sources of energy, and the trend towards (renewable energy) that mainly depends on what has become called green technology) (mainly derived from air and the sun), the problem of the need for modern technologies has emerged into rare earth elements whose prices have increased Significantly (due to the scarcity of existence and the difficulty of extraction and monopoly), which negatively affected the cost while increasing the demand for it significantly. Hence, countries began to develop strategies for restoration Recycling and manufacturing of these accurate technologies is the strategic importance of these elements by using them at the global level as an alternative source of energy in addition to their use in the manufacture of superconducting electrical vectors that enter in advanced industries such as phones, hard disks and magnetic resonance devices and the use of analogues of these elements in radiotherapy and radar devices. The paper reviews the waste management strategy to avoid or minimize as much environmental pollution as possible. The sequence of waste management strategies (and the implications for raising the efficiency and productivity of materials and energy) must be followed and applied. It is based on principles: the use of clean production techniques - the formation of closed circuits (recycling) - the environmentally appropriate disposal of waste and waste and the establishment of strict restrictions to limit exports. The paper reviewed the role of the Sudanese Ministry of Minerals represented by the General Authority for Geological Research in developing doctoral and master's research on these strategic minerals and providing the authority's laboratories with all techniques to facilitate research methods and exploring these rare elements and promoting them regionally and globally. In conclusion, this paper presents a proposal for an Arab strategic plan to develop the exploitation of these minerals and preserve the country's wealth. Keywords: clean and sustainable sources, green technology, modern technologies, Minerals. Rare-earth elements in the periodic table Rare earth location 1. Introduction was gadolinite, a mineral composed of cerium, yttrium Arare-earth element (REE) or Arare-earth metal (REM) , iron, silicon and other elements. This mineral was as defined by IUPAC, is one of aset of seventeen chemical extracted from a mine in the village of ytterby in Sweden, elements in periodic table, specifically the fifteen four of the rare-earth elements bear names derived from lanthanide, as well as scandium and Yttrium. Scandium this signal location. Rare-earth elements became known to and Yttrium are consider rare –earth element s because the world with the discovery of the black minerals they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the ''ytterbite'' [renamed to godolinite in 1800] by lieutenant lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties. R- carl axel Arrhenius in 1787, at a quarry in the village of earth elements are cerium (Ce) , ytterby Sweden. Rae are divided into two categories ,light Dysprosium(Dy),erbium(Er), eroupium (Eu), gadolinium rare [lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium] and (Gd), holmium (Ho) , lanthanum (La) , Lutetium (Lu) , heavy rare [terbium, europium, lutetium, gadolinium]. neodymium (Nd) , praseodymium (Pr) , promethium (Pr) ,samarium (Sm) , scandium (Sc) , terbium (Tb), thulium 2 Source of Rare Earth Elements: (Tm) , ytterbium (Yb) , and yttrium(Y). Despite their The principle source of rare-earth elemens are the name , rare-earth element are – with the exception of the minerals bastnasite , monazite , and Loparite and the radioactive promethium- relatively plentiful in Earth’s lateritic ion-adsorptionclay. Despite their high relative crust, with cerium being the 25th most abundant element at abundance , rare-earth minerals are more difficult to mine 68 parts per million , or as abundant as copper . They are and extract than eguivalent sources of transition metals not especially rare, but they tend to occur together in (duein part to their similar chemical properties ), making nature and are difficult to separate from one another. the rare-earth elements relatively expensive. Their However, because of their geochemical properties, rare- industrial use was very limited until efficient sepration earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found techniques were developed, such as ion exchange , concentrated as rare-earth minerals in economically fractional ,crystallization and liquid- liquid extraction exploitable ore deposits the first such mineral discovered during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Volume 4 Issue 2, February 2020 38 www.ijarp.org International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications ISSN: 2456-9992 Fig (1) bastnasite (rare earth minerals) Other source Specifically, china has announced regulation on export For example significant quantities of rare-earth oxides are and a crackdown on smuggling. On September 1, 2009, found in tailing accumulate from 50 years of uranium ore, china announced plans to reduce its export quota to 35000 shale and lopraite mining at sillamae, Estonia. Due to the tons per year in 2010-2015 to conserve scarce resources rising prices of rare earth, extraction of these oxides has and protect the environment. On august 29, 2014, the become economically viable. The country currently export WTO ruled that china had broken free-trade agreement, around 3.000 tons per year, representing around 2% of and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that the world production. Similar resources are suspected in the panel concluded that. The overall effect of the foreign and western United States, where gold rush –era mines are domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extrication believed to have discarded large amounts of rare earths, and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese because they had no value at the time, these rare-earth manufactures. China declared that is would implement the oxides are used as tracers to determine which parts of ruling on September 26. 2014 ,but would need some time drainage basin are eroding. to do so, by january5.2015, china had lifted all quotas from the export of rare earth , however export licences will still be required. Major use and application of rare-earth elements: Rare-earths are essential in many application, and Recycling therefore affect arrange of industries in the Canadian and Another recently developed source of rare earths is global economies, ,,there is dependency on RRE,, some of electronic waste and other wastes that have significant which are absolutely essential to develop clean rare- earth components .New advances in recycling technologies and various electronic applications . To technology have made extraction of rare earths from these illustrate this point , examples of high – technology goods materials more feasible , and recycling plants are currently that require REE : Hybrid vehicles, rechargeable batteries operating in japan, where there is an estimated 300.000 , mobile phones, LCD screens , laptops , wind turbines, tons of rare earths stored in un used electronics .In France medical imaging equipment , radar system , catalytic , the Rhodia group is setting up two factories, in La convert, alloy that are more corrosion-resistant . New Rochelle and saint- Fons that will produce 200 tons of demand has recently strained supply, and there is growing rare. concern that the world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths in several years from 2009 worldwide demand Mineral resources in the Northern State for rare-earth elements is expected to exceed supply by (Republic of Sudan):- 40.000 tonnes annually unless major new sources are Northern State has a diverse geology includes all types of developed. igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The ages of these rocks range from late pan African to the Cenozoic. These concerns have intensified due to the The basement rocks are considered as part of the Arabian action of china. The predominant supplier. Shield and Africa, which diversity in the rocks. Arabian - Nubian Shield extends from the west of the Nile east wards to the western Arabian Peninsula. The basement Volume 4 Issue 2, February 2020 39 www.ijarp.org International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications ISSN: 2456-9992 Complex occupies about 50% of Sudan area. The methodology information available from previous projects and the 33 samples(29samples) collected from study area from results of research and mineral exploration expedition surface and trenches, analysis to determination rare earth indicate to the presence of mineralization of gold, copper, elements and rare earth by XRF instrument, we show silver, iron, titanium, chromium. Previous studies have that in table(1,2,3) and figure( 2,3,4,5,6,) below, The shown that the geological conditions and other factors in sample included alkaline and acidic rocks in Elbir area the Northern state correspond to some extent with the show that XRD Result(7,8) . 4 samples taken for ideal models recorded regionally and globally. environmental study (2soil sample and 2water sample ) show Table (4,5) . selected sample