University of Huddersfield Repository Dutta, Vikram The Repetition of Video Game Music, its Impact on Video Game Enjoyment, and How Best to Manage it. Original Citation Dutta, Vikram (2020) The Repetition of Video Game Music, its Impact on Video Game Enjoyment, and How Best to Manage it. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/35234/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. 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For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ THE REPETITION OF VIDEO GAME MUSIC, ITS IMPACT ON VIDEO GAME ENJOYMENT, AND HOW BEST TO MANAGE IT VIKRAM DUTTA A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield VOLUME I of III February 2020 VOLUME I CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 9 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 11 Video Game Enjoyment ............................................................................................ 11 Hedonic Enjoyment ...................................................................................... 11 Mood Management..................................................................................... 12 Eudaimonic Enjoyment ................................................................................ 13 Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioural Enjoyment....................................... 13 Motivation ................................................................................................... 15 Self-Determination Theory .......................................................................... 16 Challenge ..................................................................................................... 18 Flow Theory ................................................................................................. 19 Performance ................................................................................................ 21 Control ......................................................................................................... 22 Immersion .................................................................................................... 23 Presence ....................................................................................................... 23 Gratification ................................................................................................. 24 Transportation Theory, Identification with Hero, Affective Disposition Theory, Suspension of Disbelief, and Suspense ........................................... 25 Feedback ...................................................................................................... 26 Effectance .................................................................................................... 27 Self-Efficiency ............................................................................................... 27 Familiarity ................................................................................................................. 28 Video Game Music.................................................................................................... 29 Interactivity ................................................................................................. 29 Looping and Repetition ............................................................................... 31 Leitmotif, Theme, and Repetition ................................................................ 33 Approaches and Techniques .................................................................................... 36 Variation ...................................................................................................... 36 Silence, the Non-Memorable, and Catchiness ............................................. 37 Adaptive/Dynamic Music ............................................................................ 39 2 Procedural Audio ......................................................................................... 40 Playlists ........................................................................................................ 43 Retro Games ................................................................................................ 45 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................... 48 Research Aims .......................................................................................................... 48 Study Overview ........................................................................................................ 48 Questionnaire ........................................................................................................... 49 Design .......................................................................................................... 49 Communication ............................................................................... 49 Questioning Strategy ....................................................................... 50 Informed Consent ............................................................................ 51 Questionnaire Construction ......................................................................... 51 Information Requirements............................................................... 51 Developing Questions ...................................................................... 52 Evaluation of Potential Questions ................................................... 52 Understanding the Questions .......................................................... 52 Answering the Questions ................................................................. 52 Refusing to Answer Questions ......................................................... 53 Mode and Study Respondent Considerations .................................. 53 Open and Closed-Ended Questions.............................................................. 53 Constructing and Wording Questions ......................................................... 55 Demographic Questions .............................................................................. 56 Questionnaire Structure .............................................................................. 57 Questionnaire Components ......................................................................... 57 Introductory Section ........................................................................ 57 Substantive Section ......................................................................... 58 Classification Section ....................................................................... 58 Evaluating the Questionnaire ...................................................................... 58 Pre-Test ........................................................................................... 59 Participant Selection ................................................................................................ 62 Design ....................................................................................................................... 69 Design Overview .......................................................................................... 69 3 Materials and Procedure ............................................................................. 70 Pilot Study ....................................................................................... 70 Study 1 ............................................................................................. 71 Study 2 ............................................................................................. 77 Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 78 Findings Overview ....................................................................................... 78 Study 1 ......................................................................................................... 79 Transcribing ..................................................................................... 79 Organisation .................................................................................... 80 Study 2 ........................................................................................................