ZOOARCHAEOLOGY OF SAND CANYON PUEBLO, COLORADO Robert James Muir B.A., Simon Fraser University, I988 MA., Trent University, 1990 DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Archaeology O Robert James Muir 1999 SIMON FRASER WERSITY June, 1999 A11 rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Library Bibliothhue nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OnawaON K1AW OnawaON KIAON4 Canada Canada Our llls Nolro rat.m# The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pernettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la fotme de microfiche/fiilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent &e imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT In this study analyses of faunal remains are employed to investigate environmental, economic, social, and ideological factors associated with the emergence of a large aggregated Pueblo town in southwestern Colorado, during the Pueblo QIperiod (ca.,A.D. 1 100 - 1300). Detailed spatial analyses of fauna recovered fiom Sand Canyon Pueblo and comparisons to fourteen other sites in the Sand Canyon Locality indicate several distinct patterns consistent with changes in the location, scale, and organization of subsistence and ritual activities from the 'early' to 'late' Pueblo III period. Specifically, utilization of turkey appears to intensify throughout the locality, while the distribution of artiodactyls, birds of prey, and other wild birds become increasingly spatially restricted within and among communities through time. These latter taxa are initially distributed broadly throughout sites in the locality, but by the 'late' Pueblo iU period are found to be concentrated within specific structures at Sand Canyon Pueblo. It is argued here that the changes in frequency and distribution of faunal remains indicate that significant social and economic reorganization accompanied the development of the large aggregated community of Sand Canyon Pueblo. In particular, there appears to be evidence of increased centralization, scale, and perhaps control of ritualized subsistence events, such as communal hunting. These activities appear to have been organized by specific individuals, households, or societies at Sand Canyon Pueblo. In conclusion it is suggested that increased competition for limited wild resources, due to regional population increases, prompted the need (or desire) to pool labor and knowledge. An integrated communal effort may have been perceived to be a means of reducing risk of subsistence failure in an increasingly competitive economic environment. The coordination of communal ritual events at Sand Canyon Pueblo, may have acted as a mechanism to encourage co-operation, group unity, and community identity within the locality. In turn, this would facilitate activities requiring large groups, such as communal hunts. DEDICATION For Sue. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have provided support. direction. and encouragement throughout the course of this study. In particular. I would Like to thank Jon Driver for excellent supervision over the last five years and for 'introducing' me to archaeology 15 years ago. Cathy D'Andrea has also been an exceptional supervisor and I am very grateful for her interest and input. I also thank Tim Kohler of Washington State University for acting as external examiner and providing many challenging questions and valuable comments. I am indebted to Roy Cwlson for his role as SFU examiner. but even more so for giving me my tirst job in archaeology many years ago. Phil Hobler was chair of the examination committee and has also been intluential and supportive throughout my undergraduate and oraduate studies. C This research was conducted with the cooperation and assistance of Crow Canyon Archaeological Center researchers and staff. I would like to thank all of the individuals who have been involved in the Sand Canyon Archaeological Project over the last 15 years especially Bruce Bradley. Mark Varien. Melita Romasco. Sandy Thompson. Richard Wilshusen. and Melissa Churchill. Thanks are also owed to all of the faculty and staft'of the Department of Archaeology at Simon Fraser University. especially Jack Nance. Brian Hayden. Andrew Barton. Barb Winter. Dave Burley. Shannon Wood. John Brefiit. Linda Bannister. Lynda Przybyta. Ann Sullivan. and Robyn Ward Banerjee. all of whom have provided valuable assistance over the yeus. Many graduate and undergraduate students have provided inspiration and encouragement especially Terry Brennan, Mike Brand. Natalie Munro. Mirjana Roksmdic. Farid Rahemtulla. Rudy Reirner. Tom Arnold. Pei Pei Chu. Brian Pegg. Jay King. Lori White. Robin Chatan. Lanna Crucefm. Rachel Sydenham. Sharon Solomon. Illy Allen. Paul Ewonus. Julie Park. Judy McleUan. and Terry Spurgeon. Other motivating and supportive individuals include Richard BroUy. Geordie Wo we. Mike Rousseau. Karen Przckel. Laurie Beckwith. Rnss Jmieson. Stephen SLiwa. Heather Pratt. Marianne Berkey. Arnoud Stryd. and Jim Cruickshank. Financid llnd moral suppon were also provided by my good friends and former business partners Ian Franck and Peter Merchant. I would also Like to thank my family. particularly: Mom. Dad. Stephen. Shannon. Adam. Jacob. Ann. Brian. Corey. Nathan. Swah. Kathy. and Dale. Finally. I am greatly indebted to Sue Woods for her support and patience. This study was funded in-part by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. APPROVAL ................................................................................................................. 11 ... ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ UI DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x .* LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................xu CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH DES IGN ................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Physical Setting .................................................................................................... -7 The Smd Canyon Locality .......................................................................... 4 Cultural Setting .................................................................................................... 6 Cultural Chronology ................................................................................... 6 Pueblo I11 Developments ............................................................................. 7 Previous Research in the Sand Canyon Locality ................................................ 8 Field Investigations ..................................................................................... 9 Faunal Studies........................................................................................... 10 Research Design .............................................................................................. 13 Potential Causd Factors ............................................................................ 14 Questions. Hypotheses and Expectations ................................................... 18 General Analytical Approach ..................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 26 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 26 Faunal Analysis .............................................................................................. 26 Excavation and Collection ......................................................................... 26 Identification and Recording .......................*................... .... .................... 27 Quantitication ........................................................................................... 31 Spatial Analysis .................................................................................................. 33 Contingency Analysis ......................... ... ................................................ 38 Diversity Analysis ..................................................................................... 39 Cluster Analysis .......................................................................................