Nutrient and Trace-Element Enrichment of Coeur d1 Alene Lake, Idaho United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2485 Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality, and the Coeur d'Alene Tribe AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current- year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publica­ tions released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may be no longer available. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey Earth Sci­ of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single ence Information Centers (ESIC's), all of which are authorized copies of Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis­ agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtain­ ANCHORAGE, Alaska Rm. 101, 4230 University Dr. able by mail from LAKEWOOD, Colorado Federal Center, Bldg. 810 U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services MENLO PARK, California Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128, 345 Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Middlefield Rd. RESTON, Virginia USGS National Center, Rm. 1C402, Subscriptions to Preliminary Determination of Epicenters can 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. be obtained ONLY from the SALT LAKE CITY, Utah Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105, 125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SPOKANE, Washington U.S. Post Office Bldg., Rm. 135, Washington, DC 20402 West 904 Riverside Ave. WASHINGTON, D.C. Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650,18th (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of Documents.) and C Sts., NW. Maps Only Maps Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey office: U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 ROLLA, Missouri 1400 Independence Rd. Nutrient and Trace-Element Enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho By PAUL F. WOODS and MICHAEL A. BECKWITH Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality, and the Coeur d'Alene Tribe U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2485 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Woods, Paul F. Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho/by Paul F. Woods and Michael A. Beckwith p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper: 2485 "Prepared in cooperation with Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality, and Coeur d'Alene Tribe." Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: 119:13:2485 1. Lake sediments-ldaho-Coeur d'Alene Lake. 2. Water chemistry. I. Beckwith, Michael A. II. Idaho. Division of Environmental Quality. III. Coeur d'Alene Tribe. IV. Title. V. Series.) GB1625.I2W661997 97-882 551.48'2'0979694~dc21 CIP ISBN 0-607-87063-X CONTENTS Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................^ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................^ 2 Water-Quality Issues..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Need for Study......................................................................................................_ 5 Purpose and Scope........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Human Effects on Water Quality ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Early History................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Settlement and Development........................................................................................................................................ 6 Mining...........................................................................................................^ 6 Logging............................................................................................................_^ 7 Agriculture............................................................._ 8 Human and Animal Waste ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Wildfires and Floods..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Socioeconomic Conditions................................................................................................................................................... 9 Socioeconormc Transition............................................................................................................................................. 9 Benewah County........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Kootenai County........................................................................................................................................................... 10 Shoshone County.......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Coeurd'Alene Tribe...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Lake Uses...................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Description of Study Area.................................................................................................................................................... 12 Physical Attributes........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Biological Attributes..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Classification of Land Use and Land Cover......................................................................................................................... 15 Limnology............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Data Collection and Analysis........................................................................................................................................ 16 Bathymetry............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Limnetic Zone........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Littoral Zone.......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Bathymetry.................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Limnetic Zone............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Water Temperature................................................................................................................................................. 21 Water-Column Transparency................................................................................................................................. 27 Specific Conductance............................................................................................................................................