Effects of Gynura procumbens Leaf Based Meal on Glucose Level, Lipid Profile and Mineral Content of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice MITHILA NATH Roll No: 0118/07 Registration No: 549 Session: July-December 2019 A thesis submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Human Nutrition and Dietetics Department of Applied Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Food Science and Technology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram- 4225, Bangladesh December 2019 i | P a g e Authorization I, the author, confirm of authenticity of all the works in this report. All the information collected from books, national and international journals, websites and other references have been acknowledged accordingly. I hereby declare that I am the sole author of the thesis. I also authorize the Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the CVASU to reproduce the thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Hence, I hold entire responsibility for collection, compilation, preservation and publication of all data accumulated here in this report. I, the undersigned, and author of this work, declare that the electronic copy of this thesis provided to the CVASU Library, is an accurate copy of the print thesis submitted, within the limits of the technology available. Mithila Nath December, 2019 ii | P a g e Effects of Gynura procumbens Leaf Based Meal on Glucose Level, Lipid Profile and Mineral Content of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice MITHILA NATH Roll No: 0118/07 Registration No: 549 Session: July-December 2019 This is to certify that we have examined the above Master’s thesis and have found that is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that all revisions required by the thesis examination committee have been made -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ (Dr. Md. Manirul Islam) (Taslima Ahmed) Supervisor Co-supervisor Professor Assistant Professor Department of Animal Science and Nutrition Department of Applied Food Science and Nutrition ------------------------------------------- (Md. Altaf Hossain) Chairman of the Examination Committee Department of Applied Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Food Science and Technology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh December 2019 iii | P a g e Acknowledgements I, sincerely appreciate the almighty God for his graces, strength, faithfulness and love all along the completion of my thesis. His magnanimity has made me excel and successful in making my thesis possible. My unalloyed appreciation goes to my amiable, ever supportive and humble supervisor, Professor Dr. Md. Manirul Islam for his voluminous and invaluable contributions and instructions throughout my research. His encouragement and high degree of freedom helps me to do my thesis work is highly appreciated. It’s a great pleasure for me to express my heartfelt thanks and profound gratitude to my respectable teacher Md. Altaf Hossain, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Food Science & Nutrition for his suggestions and co-operation. I, also offer special thanks to my co-supervisor Ms.Taslima Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Food Science & Nutrition for her suggestions & inspiration. I would like to thank DR. Kona Adhikary and DR. Priunka Bhowmik for their guiding support during the whole experimental period. Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of all the staffs of the Department of Animal Science and Nutrition in every step throughout the research period. I sincerely thank to all the members of the Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, for their help in using their laboratory. I would like to express my gratitude to Bangladesh and Advanced Studies & Research, CVASU, for providing fund for this research work. Finally, an honorable mention goes to my families and friends for their understandings and supports in completing this thesis. Without their help, it would have been impossible to overcome the difficulties faced during the research period. iv | P a g e DEDICATION DEDICATED TO MY RESPECTED AND BELOVED PARENTS AND TEACHERS v | P a g e Contents Authorization .................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................... xi Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives: ............................................................................................ 4 2.1. Diabetes mellitus .................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus ................................................................ 6 2.1.2.1. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) ............................................. 6 2.1.2.2. Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) .................................. 7 2.1.3. Aetiology of diabetes mellitus ........................................................................... 7 2.1.4. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of diabetes ................................................... 8 2.1.5. Epidemiology of diabetes .................................................................................. 9 2.1.6. Diagnosis ........................................................................................................ 10 2.1.7. Management of diabetes mellitus..................................................................... 12 2.1.8. Drug Therapy .................................................................................................. 13 2.1.9. Insulin Administration ..................................................................................... 13 2.1.9.1. Insulin ...................................................................................................... 13 2.1.9.2. Oral anti-diabetic drugs ............................................................................ 15 2.1.9.2.1. Biguanides ............................................................................................. 15 2.1.9.2. Sulphonylurea........................................................................................... 15 2.1.9.3. Meglitinides.............................................................................................. 16 2.1.9.4. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors.................................................................... 16 2.1.10. Diet Therapy ................................................................................................. 16 2.2.Alloxan- Induced Diabetes: ..................................................................................... 18 2.3. Gynura procumbens: .............................................................................................. 19 2.3.1.History ............................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2. Distribution ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3.4. Habitat and distribution of Gynura procumbens............................................... 22 2.3.5. Culinary uses ................................................................................................... 22 vi | P a g e 2.3.6. Traditional uses ............................................................................................... 22 2.3.7. Medicinal use .................................................................................................. 23 2.3.8. Commercial uses ............................................................................................. 25 2.3.9. Pharmacological potentials of Gynura procumbens ......................................... 25 Chapter III: Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 30 3.1. Study area .......................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Study period and climatic condition ................................................................... 30 3.3.1. Collection of leaves ..................................................................................... 30 3.4. Layout of the experiment .................................................................................... 30 3.5. Management and Feeding ................................................................................... 31 3.5.1. Preparation of the shed ................................................................................ 31 3.5.2. Housing ....................................................................................................... 32 3.5.3. Feeding and watering................................................................................... 32 3.6. Induction of Diabetes ......................................................................................... 33 3.7. Determination of growth parameters..................................................................