Reflections on International Relations & Politics & History & Law NESRİN KENAR PHILIPP O. AMOUR REFLECTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & POLITICS & HISTORY & LAW Edited By Nesrin Kenar Philipp O. Amour Reflections On International Relations & Politics & History & Law (Edited by: Nesrin Kenar, Philipp O. Amour) IJOPEC PUBLICATION London ijopec.co.uk Istanbul IJOPEC Publication Limited www.ijopec.co.uk CRN:10806608 E-Mail: [email protected] 60 Westmeade Close Phone: (+44) 73 875 2361 (UK) Cheshunt, Waltham Cross (+90) 488 217 4007 (Turkey) Hertfordshire EN7 6JR London United Kingdom Reflections On International Relations & Politics & History & Law First Edition, December 2019 IJOPEC Publication No: 2019/26 ISBN: 978-1-912503-89-6 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronically without author’s permission. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. A catalogue record for this book is available from Nielsen Book Data, British Library and Google Books. The publishing responsibilities of the chapters in this book belong to the authors. Printed in London. Composer: IJOPEC Art Design Cover illustrators are from Pinclipart & Freepik CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: REFLECTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & POLITICS & HISTORY & LAW.............................................................................................................................. 5 SECTION I INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. THE PRINCIPLES OF SELF-Management IN YUGOSlaVIA AND THE StaTUS OF KOSOVO / İKİNCİ YUGOSLAVYA’DA ÖZ YÖNETİM ESASLARI VE KOSOVA’NIN STATÜSÜ ................................... 11 Elif Şimşek-Özkan 2. THE ROLE OF SOVIET PAST IN REFORMATION OF POST-COLD WAR UKRAINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITIES ............................................................................................................ 25 Elif Şimşek-Özkan 3. POLICY OF MULTILINGUALISM AS A TOOL FOR PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) ......................................................................................... 35 Sena Bayraktar 4, THE EU’S JOINT POLICY INITIATIVE: THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP (EAP) AND ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES AS A BUFFER ZONE BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST ................47 Efe Sıvış SECTION II POLITICS 5. POPULISM, AUTHoritarianiSM AND Deparlamentarization: RUSSIA, Hungary AND Poland / POPÜLİZM, OTORİTERLEŞME VE PARLAMENTOSUZLAŞMA: RUSYA, MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA ............................................................ 65 Mustafa Cem Oğuz 6. POSSIBILITIES OF AN AlternaTIVE POLITICAL Practice FOR WOMEN: NEIGHBORHOOD MUKHtar / KADINLAR İÇİN ALTERNATİF BİR SİYASET PRATİĞİNİN OLASILIKLARI: MAHALLE MUHTARLIĞI ...................................................................................................... 79 Nihal Şirin Pınarcıoğlu 7. Security POLICIES AND CIVIL LibertieS: AN ASSESSMENT ON New Information TECHnologieS AND THE LIMITS OF PRIVacy / GÜVENLİK POLİTİKALARI VE SİVİL ÖZGÜRLÜKLER: YENİ ENFORMASYON TEKNOLOJİLERİ VE MAHREMİYETİN SINIRLARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME ............................................................................................... 95 Özlem Uluç Küçükcan 8. “EXILE WITHIN EXILE:” SYRIAN CIRCASSIANS’ JOURNEY INTO TURKEY ..................................... 103 Eylem Akdeniz-Göker 9. MINOR PARTIES IN TURKEY: 1950-2018 .................................................................................................. 117 Özhan Demirkol SECTION III HISTORY 10. SEVENTEENTh-Century OTTOMAN-HABSburg BORDER RelationS, KLEINKRIEG AND Micro-Diplomacy / ONYEDİNCİ YÜZYIL OSMANLI-HABSBURG SINIR İLİŞKİLERİ, KLEINKRIEG VE MİKRO-DİPLOMASİ......................................................................... 131 Güçlü Tülüveli 11. PARAGUAY AND THE Independence ProceSS / PARAGUAY’IN BAĞIMSIZLIK SÜRECİ ...... 141 Özgür Yılmaz SECTION IV LAW 12. Platform WORK AND SOME ProblemS Related TO LABOR LAW / PLATFORM ÇALIŞMA VE İŞ HUKUKU BAKIMINDAN DOĞURABİLECEĞİ BAZI SORUNLAR ......... 155 İrem Yayvak Namlı 13. EVALUATION OF THE Concordat, THE MAIN REStructuring Procedure UTHNDER E TURKISH LAW IN TERMS OF DIRECTIVE NUMBERED 2019/1023 / TÜRK HUKUKU’NDAKİ TEMEL YENİDEN YAPILANDIRMA YOLU OLAN KONKORDATONUN 2019/1023 SAYILI YÖNERGE BAKIMINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ............... 165 Mert Namli INTRODUCTION: REFLECTIONS ON International RelationS & POLITICS & HIStory & Law Philipp O. Amour, Sakarya University Nesrin Kenar, Sakarya University Does social science matter? Yes. Why does social science matter? It provides humans with knowledge, in form of research and theory, that allows us to understand our surroundings and how the social realm works. In addition to the theoretical and empirical understanding of the social realm, social science allows us to anticipate and shape aspects of future social developments and outcomes – e.g., demography and human security and social unrests; or actions and potential reactions between and among individuals, state-actors and non-state actors and their im- plication on the social realm. Thus, social science matters due to its canon of knowledge which empowers humans with tools to not just un- derstand the social realm but also mediate in social dynamics and suggest policy reforms. Humans keen on the social science develop practical skills, distinctly valued in all forms of social dynamics. For instance, individuals can understand their social surroundings, assess their set of options and the decisions they attempt to make and such which political leadership conducts on their behalf. Without our knowledge in the social science our under- standing of our world is less complete and our objectivity is less robust. This book provides a platform for readers, scholars and for practitioners to learn about present trends and de- bates in Social Sciences, and conduct creative and fresh (interdisciplinary) research; to discuss common encoun- ters, and brainstorm innovative solutions. This book includes thirteen chapters which are divided into four sec- tions related to the disciplines of International Relations, Politics, History, and Law. The chapters are written with different depth and quality; they demonstrate the validity which the social science can stimulate our understand- ing and anticipation of our world. Section I on International Relations includes four chapters. In Chapter One, “İkinci Yugoslavya’da Öz Yönetim Esasları ve Kosova’nın Statüsü / The Principles of Self-Management in Yugoslavia and the Status of Kosovo”, Elif Şimşek-Özkan examines the problems between the Kosovo Albanians and Serbs in the period up to 1980s. The author examines the historical background of the mentioned ethnic entities and reveal increasing differences be- tween Albanians and Serbs since Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Elif Şimşek-Özkan argues that the dis- satisfaction among non-constituent entities increased in the era of the First Yugoslavia: e.g., Albanians, Muslim Slavs, Macedonians, Hungarians and Germans had limited rights and privileges. This fueled the national prob- lem. However, the national question became persistent during the Second Yugoslavia. Elif Şimşek-Özkan argues that technological progress and economic advantages were less prioritized in specific provinces with the least de- veloped constituents which also explain the underlying problems between Albanians and Serbs. In Chapter Two, “The Role of Soviet Past in Reformation of Post-Cold War Ukrainian National Identities”, Elif Şimşek-Özkan explores the relations between the Soviet Leadership in Moscow and the Ukrainian SSR. The au- thor sheds light on the formation of a national identity in the Ukraine which was for decades part of the Soviet 5 INTRODUCTION Union. The long-ruling Soviet regime and its loyal political elite in the Ukraine had a monopoly over informa- tion and was able to form and shape identities and national narratives in the Ukraine thus creating two distinctive and occasionally colliding national identifications between what the author calls Ukrainophiles and Russophiles. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Ukraine is independent. The state embarked on a nation-building pro- cess in order to promote the Ukrainian national identity. However, the Orange Revolution (2004/2005) and the Euromaidan Revolution in 2014 demonstrate that the legacy of the soviet era is persistent and continues to ef- fect domestic politics. Political parties of pro-Russian and pro-European tendencies effect nation-building in dif- ferent and colliding ways. In Chapter Two, Elif Şimşek-Özkan shows how the Leninist, Stalinist, Khrushchevist, and Brezhnevist doctrine - while different in their priority and scope – have embarked on the Sovietization of the Ukraine due to its geo- location, its capacity for agricultural products, and its potential for raw materials. The outcome of this top-down (, and bottom-up) nation building is a markable distinction between Eastern and Western parts of the Ukraine. The Russophiles, mostly populated in the Eastern parts initially supported the Sovietization, hence they share sim- ilar linguistic and cultural affinities with the Russians. On the other hand, the Ukrainians resident in the West- ern part of the Ukraine were opponents to the Sovietization of the Ukraine. They have attempted to defend their culture and language. Elif Şimşek-Özkan lists specific factors that contributed to the rebirth