Notes and References Preface 1. Myrdal (1960), first published by Yale University Press. Our quotations are from the British reprinting by Duckworth, 1961. 2. And it has been ignored even by recent works which have used ± and perhaps abused as well (I would like to believe unknowingly) ± as a title the same expression used by Myrdal (see, for example, Pierson, 1991), without grasping the profound innovative significance and change in the conventional conception of the Welfare State, incorporated in the expression `beyond' in Myrdal's work. See also Nicholas's (1992) large survey of the contemporary literature on the same subject. 3. Or ± as others prefer ± public policy or management, regulation, socio- economic programming, and so on. I advocate not renouncing the use of the more correct word `planning' just because of the too easy references to the historical case of Soviet planning, the wrong ident- ification with the authoritarian style, and other subconscious motivations and roots not well identifiable which have made the word `planning' a `dirty' word. 4. Archibugi (1991). 5. In the Chapter Sources the writings are listed in which I developed, in the past, parts of the analysis and reflections which have found a to be hoped organic and unitary exposition in this book. 6. Among them I would like to quote, for the interested reader, and linked to some final chapters of this book (Chapters 11 and 13), the following: ± Accounting Framework for National Economic Planning, published (in Italian) in the 1970s (Archibugi, 1973), as a consequence of a practical experience of a new national economic accounting for planning (witnessed in this epoch in Italy with much disappointment); an updated English edition of it is in preparation. ± Introduction to Planology: Towards a Multidisciplinary Convergence of the Planning Sciences, which analyzes critically many strands of thinking in the economic, sociological, town-planning, system engineering fields, leading to a new concept of the planning discipline (Archibugi, 1992a); also forthcoming in an English edition. ± Strategic Planning and Economic Programming, recently prepared in co- operation with other scholars, as a renewal of the teaching programmes of the (Italian) Postgraduate School of Public Administration (Archibugi et al., 1998); also forthcoming in an English edition. ± Treatise of General Planning, under preparation, which represents in didactic form the synthesis of various studies and research paths aimed at the birth and the `neo-disciplinary' development and training of a new pro- fessional figure of planner. (According to the syllabus of a special Seminar held with the cooperation of the (Italian) National Research Council in 1993.) 254 Notes and References 255 1 From Social Protection to Social Integration 1. The literature on the evolution of social welfare and the Welfare State is boundless. Among many works, I refer the reader to some recent works con- sulted: the collection of essays edited by Dixon and Scheurell (1989); Flora (1986); Tomasson (1983); Baldassari, Paganetto and Phelps (1995); and the books by P. Thane (1982); Flora and Heidenheimer (1981a and b); Ashford (1986); De Swaan (1988); Ritter (1991); and Rimlinger (1974). For Great Britain, in particular J. Hay (1978); for Great Britain and Germany, the papers collected by Mommsen (1981). A more recent work by Christopher Pierson (on a claimed `new Welfare economic policy') collects recommended documentation on historical studies into the Welfare State (Pierson, 1991). The work by Pierson also constitutes an accurate catalogue of the various recent and current positions on the Welfare State crisis (seen from all angles) but loses its way ± in my opinion ± in many political issues that are at the margin of the main critical challenges of the Welfare State's future. Still from the point of view of the historical evolution of the Welfare State, I would mention, for Great Britain, the numerous works by Richard M. Titmuss which constitute, at least for the early post-war period, something half-way between historical analysis and polit- ical protagonism, on the part of an author who has had a great influence on the Welfare State in his country (see for all his works, the `essays' of the 1950s, collected in 1958, and a further collection of essays in 1968 and 1979), and for this reason a remarkable impact on the experiences of many other European countries, which have always taken Great Britain as a reference point on this subject. 2. Many scholars prefer the term `social-democratic', in order to distinguish more precisely this latter from the social policies of `real socialism', i.e., that of Eastern European countries up to a few years ago (for more extensive comments on this point, see Pierson, 1991, chs. 1±3). 3. On the paternalist character of the Welfare State, as conventionally intended, see, for example, Andreas George Papandreu with an essay on `paternalist capitalism' (1972), and C. Pateman on the patriarchal character of the Welfare State (1988) and Nielsen (1994). In general terms, a development of this argu- ment can be found usefully in a report of a British Commission (see Dahrendorf et al., 1995). 4. On this point I would like to mention the large collection of arguments edited by B. Jossa (1989), for a volume of the eighth series of the Biblioteca dell'Eco- nomista (Libraryof the Economist) of the publishing house UTET, a volume dedicated precisely to the `theory of economic systems'. The paper which engages this topic the most is without doubt by F. Volpi (1989), which sum- marizes the argument on The Economic System and Modes of Production. (On the `economic systems' see note 33 of Chapter 10 of this book.) 5. Or, if we prefer, less social segregation, marginalization or disintegration. 6. Sometimes the semblance emerges as well, in some countries of the `third world', of a refusal of modern industrial society, and its inevitable corollaries (consu- merism, commercialization, life styles, individualism, etc.). It is probable, how- ever, that this `refusal' is only to be attributed to some ruling classes (above all religious hierarchies) who feel that their age-old material and spiritual supre- macy and authority is compromised by the influence of Western culture. It is not the first time in the history of humanity that the local ancien reÂgime has allied privileges and fanaticism against the natural aspiration of the masses to 256 Notes and References assimilate less hierarchical innovative roles. We might also ask if the irrational refusal of the `Western' model does not derive also from a neurotic sensation of the material distance of realization which the situation presents in relation to acquisition (and the possible occurrence of the `love±hate', `attraction±repul- sion' phenomenon, well known in psychology and found in Aesop's more `familiar' version: the fox and the grapes). 7. For an approximate and general reference to the significance of this expression (now largely used and abused) it is obligatory to mention the works by Bertram Gross (1966 and 1967), Kahn and Wiener (1967), Alain Touraine (1969), and Daniel Bell (1973). See also how even I used the term in 1957 (Archibugi, 1956). After several decades of discussion on the possible connotations of a post-industrial society the moment has perhaps arrived to characterize its physiognomy with more `autonomous' semantics. See below (in Ch. 2, Section 1) the reference to some substitutes for the term; in Chapters 7 and 8, having to contrast the new model with the ideal-typical model of industrial society, I have used ± without much imagination, but without avoiding an autonomous definition ± the expression of `service society'. In the whole of this book, we will develop an overview on the literature concerning this `new' type of society, especially in its economic structure reflections; and ± as the title of the book suggests ± we will conclude by defining this new type of emerging economy ± preferentially ± as an `Associative Economy', a phrase that better defines its character as against that of the Capitalist Economy, for which it is becoming an historical replacement. Anyhow, even the question of denomin- ation will be developed step by step as we proceed in the description of the ongoing changes that are the subject of analysis and management guidelines in this book. 8. More considerations in a book of papers concerning the evaluation of the Welfare State in a historic perspective (Schottland, 1977). For a comparative assessment of Welfare States, see a recent book edited by Bent Greve (1996). 9. There has been interesting debate on the comparability of the American Wel- fare State with the European one: see Skocpol and Ikenberry (1983); Skocpol (1987); Weir, Orloff and Skocpol (1988); Baldwin (1996); and, finally, Pierson (1990). See also, for a different point of view, Uusitalo (1984). On the compar- ability of models see, in general, Boje (1996). 10. Reports on the subject are not lacking, either on the international scale or at the level of individual countries. Among essential reading, see recurrent and always up-to-date and interesting studies of the OECD (in general: 1981 and 1988b; for the elderly: 1988a, 1992, 1995d, 1996a; for women: 1985c; and for the handicapped: 1994a). See also an insightful essay by A.B. Atkinson (1991b), who systematically occupied himself with the subject (see also Atkinson ed., 1989 and the survey of literature in Atkinson, 1991a). 11. For some considerable time the phenomenon has been the subject of numerous analyses. See an old study by the United Nations (UN, 1956). A `classic' writer on the subject is Sauvy (1956), and in Italy, Somogyi (1979). But the subject has continued, naturally, to be of permanent interest. To remain in the range of more official international inquiries we recommend: a report for a World Assembly of the United Nations held in Vienna in 1982 (UN, 1982); and other UN reports and studies (UN, 1991; 1992 a and b).