Operation Restore Hope, Somalia – Case Study Prepared by Mr. Bryan B. Sopko Acknowledgements I would like to take the opportunity to thank a number of individuals for their support during the development of this material. Their help was instrumental in supporting the research and development for this material. Lieutenant General Jack Klimp, USMC (Retired), Colonel James ‘Irish’ Egan, USMC (Retired), Colonel Dennis Mroczkowski, USMC (Retired), and Colonel Len Supko, USMC (Retired) for their first-hand accounts of operations during Restore Hope that provided a deeper clarity to the accounts written in the history books other research material. Dr. Bruce Gudmundsson for his guidance and mentorship throughout this process. Members of the Marine Corps Tactics and Operations Group (MCTOG) – Captain Michael Ulmer, Gunnery Sergeant Matthew Maxwell and Gunnery Sergeant Peter McKinney. Members of the TECOM Attack the Network Training Team – Danica Slater, Matthew Osman, David Nelson, Scott Walker, Scott Packard, Fernando Ramirez, Phillip Mason, Travis Nelson, Michael Hershey, and Chad Pervier. Preface The case study material developed using Operation Restore Hope as a historical example was done so to support the institutionalization efforts of Attack the Network (AtN) methods for the Marine Corps. In doing so, eight different decision points have been developed around learning objectives that support the Commandant’s 2025 Vision and Strategy, while simultaneously supporting existing training and education of courses within the Marine Corps. The learning objectives developed for this material are: • Develop a plan to establish relationships and coordinate existing capabilities, organizations (JIIM), and cultural awareness in order to support the commander’s CONOP. • Correlate cultural, societal, and political factors and their effects on friendly, neutral and threat networks. • Conduct planning in a complex/hybrid environment; identify and consider key environmental variables that may impact operations. • Identify, engage and operate in order to influence or deter networks (friendly, neutral and threat) present within a complex environment through the suitable application of lethal and non-lethal capabilities. • Leverage available intelligence capabilities (higher, adjacent, supporting, supported (HASS); forward and reachback) support planning and targeting efforts. • Develop and implement an assessment plan that maintains awareness of a complex/hybrid environment; ensuring that information collected is considered for future engagement strategies of networks (friendly, neutral and threat). The case study model and structure developed for this material is intended to organize a large amount of material in a manner that minimizes the preparation time for the students and instructors. Additionally, the decision points were created in a modular fashion that allows an instructor the flexibility to implement selected decision points to support existing training, without having to follow a prescribed order of the material. The option also exists for an instructor to develop additional decision points to support other learning objectives using the provided Student Preparation Guide in this case study. Research Resources The following are a list of writing and resources about Operation Restore Hope and Somalia that were used for this material and are available for preparation by a facilitator. Excerpts from these materials that directly relate to specific decision points are included in the facilitator decision point preparation guides. Restoring Hope: In Somalia with the Unified Task Force, 1992-1993 Authors: Colonel Dennis P. Mroczkowski, USMC (Retired), History Division, 2005 Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Authors: John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley, United Institute of Peace Press, 1995 Somalia…From the Sea Author: Gary J. Ohls, Naval War College Press, 2009 Rules of Engagement (ROE) for Humanitarian Intervention and Low-Intensity Conflict: Lessons from Restore Hope Author: Jonathan T. Dworken, Center for Naval Analyses. Military Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope Author: Jonathan T. Dworken, Center for Naval Analyses, October 1993. Psychological Operations in Support of Operations Restore Hope, 9 Dec 92 – 4 May 93. Marine Corps University Publication, May 1993. Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned Author: Kenneth Allard, CCRP Publication Series Table of Contents Student Preparation Guide….……………………………………………………………………..6 Coordinate and Integrate Nongovernmental Organization into Operations………………….….27 Develop and Implement an Assessment Plan for the UNITAF Mission………………………...50 Develop the Rules of Engagement (ROE) for UNITAF…………………………………………67 Develop and Plan an Information Operations Campaign………………………………………..82 Develop a Security Plan for Mogadishu……………………………………………………..…100 Raid on Argentine and Barkera Markets……………………………………………………….112 Develop a Plan to Engage Threat Networks at Cantonment Sites……………………………...127 Secure Baidoa and Establish the Humanitarian Relief Sector (HRS)…………………………..141 Operation Restore Hope, Somalia – Case Study Student Preparation Guide Operation Restore Hope, Somalia – Case Study Student Preparation Guide Contents Purpose and Method ....................................................................................................................... 7 Preparation Guidance ...................................................................................................................... 7 Current Capabilities Available ........................................................................................................ 8 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Preliminary Assessment of the Operational Environment ............................................................ 10 Areas.......................................................................................................................................... 10 Structures ................................................................................................................................... 11 Capabilities ................................................................................................................................ 13 Organizations ............................................................................................................................ 14 People ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Events ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Mission ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Enemy/Threat ............................................................................................................................ 20 Troops........................................................................................................................................ 21 Terrain ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Time .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Maps .............................................................................................................................................. 24 6 Operation Restore Hope, Somalia – Case Study Student Preparation Guide Purpose and Method This case study was developed using the counter-factual approach, which allows students to compare what actually happened with what might have happened had some of the resources available today been available. For this particular case study, the historical facts remain consistent, but the current capabilities available to Marines are provided for students to develop their responses for individual decision points. Included in the preparation material for the students is the background information for the case study and capabilities that are currently available to Marines, but were not developed when Operation Restore Hope occurred. Preparation Guidance Students have been provided read ahead material to prepare for the case study discussion that will occur in the classroom and will be facilitated by an instructor. This material has been organized to include a short narrative from a historical perspective describing what led to the initiation of the operation, current capabilities available for consideration during the decision point discussions, and other key information that has been organized using modified ASCOPE and METT-T information models. Maps of Somalia are also included at the end of this document for use as reference material. While preparing for the case study, students should consider answering the following questions: - How would you leverage the current capabilities that are available during this operation, that were not available at the time of Operation Restore Hope? - What is occurring in this complex environment that will impact your decisions? - What networks exist? Who are key players? - How would you employ lethal and non-lethal capabilities that are available to you to engage networks? The decision points