Prevention of Violence in Football Stadiums in Europe ?? Supporters study ?? Hooliganism prevention measures ?? European policy of sport violence prevention ?? Management of sporting events Coordination Manuel COMERON Pierre VANBELLINGEN 1 Table of Contents Preface European Strategies for the Prevention of Violence in Sport Michel MARCUS Executive Director, European Forum for Urban Safety Introduction The City, a Catalyst of Prevention Policies Willy DEMEYER Mayor, City of Liege, Belgium The University in Active Interaction with its Environment Willy LEGROS Rector, University of Liege, Belgium An Integrated Approach to Security Antoine DUQUESNE Minister of the Interior, Belgium Part I. Supporterism and Hooliganism: the International Context The Public at Football Stadiums Salomé MARIVOET Faculty of Human Kinetics Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Hooliganism, ‘New’ Football and Social Policy in England John WILLIAMS Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research, University of Leicester, UK Supporterism: Ultras and the World of Football Nicolas HOURCADE University of Bordeaux-II / Ecole Centrale of Lyon, France Violence, carnival and reformation: Scottish Fan Identities Richard GIULIANOTTI Department of Sociology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK The Stadium and its Paradox: Enjoying Collective Ecstasy and Fearing Violence Patrick LACLEMENCE University of Technology of Troyes and Paris V, France Part II. International Policies and Institutional Management A. Management of Major Sports Events International Sports Federations at the Heart of the Challenge Walter GAGG 2 Fédération Internationale de Football Association Security and the 1998 World Cup Thierry TERRAUBE National Police Centre for Study and Training, France Euro 2000 Management Monique DE KNOP Ministry of the Interior, Belgium Eurofoot 2004: a Systemic Approach to Security Paulo GOMES Security Coordination Office Ministry of Internal Administration, Portugal B. European Cooperation for Prevention International Measures for Violence Management at Sports Events in Europe Mesut ÖZYAVUZ Sport Division, Council of Europe The French-German Youth Office: Sport and Prevention within the European Context Regine DITTMAR French-German Youth Office Prevention of Violence in Football: EU Project Martin KIRCHNER Gelsenkirchen Police, Germany Eurofan: European Programme for Study and Prevention of Violence in Sport Manuel COMERON Project Supervisor Pierre VANBELLINGEN Research assistant Fan Coaching Association Part III. Preventive Measures Against Hooliganism and Field Practices A. Educational Practices and Targeted Prevention Communication as a Tool for Hooliganism Prevention Eladio JARENO Delegacion del Gobierno in Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain Socioprevention through Social and Pedagogical Coaching Manuel COMERON Coordinator “Fan coaching”, City of Liege Lecturer at the University of Liege, Belgium Ultras and Society: the Municipality as a Driving Force for Action Giancarlo NORIS 3 City of Rome, Italy B. Supporter Activities Enhancing a Positive Culture among Spectators : the Fair Fans Project Ronni ABERGEL Danish Crime Prevention Council Violence Prevention Unit, Denmark Federating Supporter Associations and the Football Club Louis SMAL Liege Royal Standard Club Chairman « Famille des Rouches », Belgium Fans : another world? Daniela CONTI Progetto Ultrà – UISP, Italy C. Community Involvement and Social Work in the City Social Work Initiated by the Football Club in Urban Areas Sébastien PAMPANAY Lille O.S.C. Metropole, France Football in Interaction with the Social Community Steve SMITH Program Football and Community Leeds United, UK Programmes and Projects against Youth Violence and Juvenile Delinquency in Berlin Heiner BRANDI Sportjugend Berlin, Germany D. Integrated Approaches to Security Risk Management and Spectator Safety John DE QUIDT Football Licensing Authority, UK Maintaining Law and Order: Police Practices Jacques JACQUEMART Federal Police, Liege, Belgium Information Management as a Prevention Support for Security Henk GROENEVELT Centraal Informatiepunt Voetbalvandalisme, Netherlands Part IV. Prospects for International Prevention of Violence in Sport Yves VAN DE VLOET 4 Permanent Secretary for Prevention Policy Ministry of the Interior, Belgium Conclusion Preventing Violence during Sports Events: Thinking Globally and Intervening Locally Georges KELLENS Professor at the University of Liege Chairman Fan coaching Association, Belgium 5 Preface 6 European Strategies for the Prevention of Violence in Sport Michel MARCUS Executive Director European Forum for Urban Safety The construction of Europe progresses slowly, at the placid pace of debates on agriculture, industry and the reform of institutions. However, its progress quickens if we consider common struggles aiming at establishing law, and even more when sports, and football in particular, are concerned. The proliferation of European football cups and the will to increase the number of world cups seem to be the expression of the European Idea. For the sake of sport, hundreds of thousands of people cross Europe, go through different cities and streets and meet different cultures. Some will consider them as the new barbarians, and this view will prove right in the light of certain events; others will view this as a premonitory situation of what Europe’s daily life will be in some years. This future Europe will offer all Europeans a common job, education and leisure market and will enable citizens to forget geographical, mental or even love borders. The European utopia originates in a present time still dominated by the conception of inside and outside; the meeting with the club from elsewhere still represents the intrusion of the foreigner, fearing neither God nor man, into our order – which is an order he cannot understand since it is superior to his, it is ours. Building the fortress is the only remedy against this intrusion, which we want to be as short as possible. Powerful systems, aimed at supervising supporters in trains, stations, on the road, at the stadium’s entrance and exit doors perfectly illustrate this view. People do not change countries, nor even beers, settings or uniforms when going from a stadium to another. Strange Europe, identical to the Europe of airports, of business and finance… Marked by modernity, monitored by cameras, contained. Considering safety during these events and more, discussing the prevention of violence in sport or the role of sport in the prevention of violence, points to a lack of satisfaction about the current situation and indicates the will to view the future under other auspices. Gathering for the sake of sport, culture or music induces the necessity of finding new forms of friendliness and courtesy that cannot entirely be contained in a police structure. Most professionals agree on the fact that an integrated strategy is needed to guarantee security during sports tournaments. A strictly repressive approach, i.e. resorting to a great number of police agents ready to be deployed instantly, is not enough. It must be complemented by a preventive approach, which will contain and check numerous problems before they get out of control. The ideal solution would combine preventive and repressive strategies. European cities that host sports meetings must not call their negotiation competence into question and, doing so, renounce their ability to claim social, economic and cultural privileges offered by great sports meetings. They are in essence a privileged institutional partner, able to help sports units to work out an integrated prevention dynamics which will provide them with preventive tools against supporters’ violent acts. Although mass events such as these imply 7 potential security hazards, they are a potential development factor for cities thanks to the cooperation with NGOs, the police, community and cultural groups. The conference “Un stade dans la ville, la ville dans le stade : depuis la Coupe du Monde 98 jusqu’à l’Euro 2000” (“A stadium inside the city, a city inside the stadium: from the 1998 World Cup to Euro 2000”) was organised by the European Forum for Urban Safety1. It followed considerable preparatory work initiated in 1995 and gathered representatives of European cities and national sports and government authorities. It highlighted that a large-scale sports meeting could be turned into a real economic and social development opportunity for the city and its inhabitants: ?? at the economic and financial level, with positive effects in the long run thanks to equipment investments: road and rail infrastructure, urban development, shops, etc. It also implies consequences on employment. The objective is then the integration of a specific dynamics (stadium and meetings) into a collective dynamics (city policy). ?? at the social level, with the implementation of local, national and international projects stimulating young people’s cultural integration. In 2000, the cities that were represented at the conference – among others, Amsterdam, Brussels, Bruges, Charleroi, Eindhoven, Liege and Rotterdam, and the European Forum for Urban Safety decided to continue the studies within the framework of the European Euro 2000 Cities Against Racism project 2 so as to investigate whether and how the fight against racism could be integrated into the global prevention approach of cities hosting international events. Brent (in the United Kingdom) led an important programme for the fight against racism when it hosted the Euro 1996 football championship at Wembley and