War and Social Welfare This page intentionally left blank War and Social Welfare Reconstruction after Conflict Fred Pompeo Cocozzelli war and social welfare Copyright © Fred Pompeo Cocozzelli, 2009. All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States – a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has compa- nies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978-0-230-62078-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cocozzelli, Fred Pompeo. War and social welfare : reconstruction after conflict / Fred Pompeo Cocozzelli. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-230-62078-0 (alk. paper) 1. Postwar reconstruction—Social aspects—Case studies. 2. Public welfare—International cooperation—Case studies. 3. Postwar reconstruction—Kosovo (Republic) 4. Public welfare—Kosovo (Republic) 5. Kosovo (Republic)—Social policy. I. Title. HV639.C6 2010 363.34Ј988—dc22 2009020039 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Macmillan Publishing Solutions First edition: January 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. Dedicated to my parents for all of their love and support. Thanks Mom and Dad. And to Emily and Pompeo, with love. And Bruno, “qen i mirë, shum mirë.” This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Maps, Figures, and Tables ix Acknowledgments xiii List of Acronyms xv Introduction 1 1 The Role of Social Policy in Post-Conflict Reconstruction 11 2 The Kosovo Conflict (1981–1999) and the Creation of Ethnicized Institutions 33 3 Formation of Social Policy in Post-Conflict Kosovo 61 4 The Importance of Political Competition: Skenderaj and Malishevë 91 5 Local Governance and the Development of Social Welfare Institutions: Prizren and Kamenicë 129 6 Conclusion 165 Appendix 191 Notes 193 References 199 Index 209 This page intentionally left blank List of Maps, Figures, and Tables Maps Map 0.1 Kosovo in the Central Balkans x Map 0.2 Kosovo Administrative Divisions xi Figures Figure 4.1 Municipal election results in Malishevë / Malisevo, 2000, 2002, and 2007 109 Figure 4.2 Municipal election results in Skenderaj / Srbica, 2000, 2002, and 2007 118 Tables Table 3.1 Kosovo post-conflict human development in regional context 64 Table 3.2 The Kosovo post-conflict pension system in regional context 88 Table 4.1 Basic comparative data on Skenderaj and Malishevë 104 Table 4.2 Social assistance beneficiaries in Malishevë and Skenderaj in 2001 and 2002 121 Table 5.1 Basic Comparative social and economic data on Kamenicë and Prizren 145 Table 5.2 Social assistance beneficiaries in Kamenicë and Prizren in 2001 and 2002 150 Table 5.3 Population figures for Kamenicë and Prizren 153 Table A.1 DLSW data on Category I and Category II social assistance beneficiaries, April 2001 and 2002, by municipality 191 Map 0.1 Kosovo in the Central Balkans 10.1057/9780230104945 - War and Social Welfare, Fred Pompeo Cocozzelli 1. Deçan / Decani 2. Dragash / Dragas 3. Gjakovë / Dakovica 4. Gllogovc / Glogovac 5. Gjilan / Gnjilane 6. Istog / Istok 7. Kaçanik / Kacanik 8. Kamenicë / Kamenica 9. Klinë / Klina 10. Fushë Kosovë / Kosovo Polje 11. Leposavic / Leposaviq 12. Lipjan / Lipljan 13. Malishevë / Malisevo 14. Mitrovicë / Mitrovica 15. Novobërdë / Novo Brdo 16. Obiliq / Obilic 17. Rahovec / Orahovac 18. Pejë / Pec 19. Podujevë / Podujevo 20. Prishtinë / Priština 21. Prizren 22. Skenderaj / Srbica 23. Shtërpcë / Strpce 24. Shtime / Stimlje 25. Suharekë / Suva Reka 26. Ferizaj / Urosevac 27. Viti / Vitina 28. Vushtrri / Vucitrn 29. Zubin Potok 30. Zveçan / Zvecan Map 0.2 Kosovo Administrative Divisions This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Over the years of researching and writing of this book I have received a tremendous amount of help from people in New York City, in Kosovo, across the Balkans and beyond. In Kosovo, the staff of a variety of NGOs, international organizations, government ministries and departments, and civil society organizations provided time, access, and insight. A number of these organizations and agencies went so far as to make data that they had gathered available to me, much of which would otherwise have been unavailable. I am very grateful to have been given a chance to incorpo- rate their insights, advice, and data into my analysis of the Kosovo social welfare regime. The Kosovo Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare was exceptionally accommodating of my many requests for interviews and information. In particular, I would like to acknowledge the assistance of the first minister of Labour and Social Welfare of the post-conflict Provisional Institutions for Self-Government, Ahmet Isufi, and other members of the ministry, including Lajos Héthy, Agnes Simonyi, Matthew Waterfield, Mahamet Gjocaj, and Mehdi Bertyci. I am also indebted to the Kosovo and Serbia programs of Mercy Corps International, Action Against Hunger, and CARE International, as well as the headquarters and local branches of the Mother Teresa Society in Kosovo for their assistance. Zef Shala in particular was always accommodating and wel- coming of my many requests for information. Extra thanks goes to the men and women of the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Kosovo program, particularly those who were a part of the Humanitarian Assistance Team during summer 1999, and especially Din Gegollaj, “Duke” Bokshi, Jak Delhysa, and Gjoni Lumezi. Nick MacDonald, Maureen Capps, Edita Kiseri, Jonathan Campbell, Brendan MacDonald, Sandra Caufield and Scott Campbell deserve very special thanks as friends and colleagues. Throughout my field research, I was aided by a number of individuals across the Balkans. The most valuable translation assistance I received was from Shpetim Bylykbashi who had worked with CARE International on the implementation of the Social Assistance Scheme. With his deep experience in the social sector, Shpetim was more of a research field xiv Acknowledgments assistant than a translator. Paul Stubbs, Bob Deacon, and my colleagues involved in the volume Social Policy and International Interventions in South Eastern Europe also deserve great thanks for teaching me so much about contemporary social policy in Europe. To name all of the other individuals in the region who went out of their way to offer help and insight during the research of the dissertation would require an extra volume. To the many who offered their help throughout my visits to the Balkans, you have my sincere gratitude. I would also like to thank the people here in New York who have been so helpful through the long process of researching and writing this book. In particular, my dissertation committee at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research was outstanding in their support. Aristide Zolberg offered help and guidance from the day I arrived at the New School. His insight into the variety of questions that arose from the research was always especially sharp. David Plotke showed extraordinary leadership in guiding the dissertation to its completion. For that I am especially grateful. I offer my deep thanks to Susan L. Woodward of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for her tremen- dous patience in helping decode the intricacies of Yugoslavia and what came after. And of course, appreciation goes to my colleagues in the Department of Government and Politics at St. John’s University. On a personal note, my deepest thanks and appreciation go to my parents, my family, my wife, and son. My mom and dad, along with my sisters, Stephanie and Kristine and their families, have been continual sources of support and encouragement. My wife, Emily, has been both an indispensable help and an inspiration. And my son, Pompeo, who arrived between the research and the publication, is an unbelievable gift. Whatever useful insights that are within the dissertation are thanks to the assistance of these and others too numerous to mention. Whatever mistakes and errors within are mine alone. Although all of the material included is the original work of the author, earlier and edited versions of chapters 1 and 3 appeared in the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development vol. 2, no. 3, 2006, and Social Policy and International Intervention in South Eastern Europe, edited by Deacon and Stubbs and published by Edward Elgar Press, respectively. List of Acronyms AAK Alliance for the Future of Kosovo AKR Alliance for a New Kosovo ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency CRS Catholic Relief Services CSW Center for Social Work DSS Democratic Party of Serbia HDI Human Development Index IP Implementing Partner JIAS Joint Interim Administrative Structures JUL Yugoslav Left KFOR Kosovo Force KLA Kosovo Liberation Army (also UÇK) KP Koalition Povratak (Coalition Return) LDD Democratic League of Dardania LDK Democratic League of Kosovo LDP Local Distribution Partner LKÇK National Movement for the Liberation of Kosova LPK Popular Movement for the Liberation of Kosova M/DLSW Ministry / Department of Labour and Social Welfare MTS Mother Teresa Charitable and Humanitarian Society NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization PDK Democratic Party of Kosovo PISG Provisional Institutions for Self-Government RAE Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SOK Statistics Office of Kosovo SPO Serbian Renewal Movement SRS Serbian Radical Party SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo WFP World Food Programme This page intentionally left blank Introduction Once a nearly forgotten corner of southeastern Europe, Kosovo has become a touchstone of the transformation of international politics at the turn of the twenty-first century.