TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages FOREWORD..........................................................................................................................v SECTION I 1.0 LAND PEOPLE AND CLIMATE: .........................................................................1 1.1 Geographical Location:............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Land Area and Administrative Units:.................................................................... 1 1.3 Ethnic Groups:........................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Early Contacts With Europeans:............................................................................ 3 1.5 Population Size, Growth and Density:................................................................... 4 1.6 Migration:................................................................................................................ 17 1.7 Unemployment:....................................................................................................... 19 1.8 Climate and Soil:...................................................................................................... 20 1.8 Physical Features:................................................................................................... 21 1.10 Agro-Econimic/Ecological Zone:......................................................................... 21 1.11 Land Use Pattern and Utilization:......................................................................... 25 1.12 Land Scarcity:.......................................................................................................... 27 SECTION II 2.0 REGIONAL ECONOMY.......................................................................................28 2.1 Introduction:............................................................................................................ 28 2.2 Regional GDP and Per Capita GDP....................................................................... 28 2.3 Socio-economic Indicators:................................................................................... 34 2.4 Productive Sector: .................................................................................................. 35 2.4.1 Agriculture:................................................................................................. 35 2.4.2 Livestock Development:........................................................................... 52 2.4.3 Natural Resources:..................................................................................... 61 2.5 Manufacturing Sector:........................................................................................... 71 i SECTION III 3.0 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE......................................................................75 3.1 Introduction:............................................................................................................ 75 3.2 Roads Network........................................................................................................ 75 3.3 Railways:.................................................................................................................. 79 3.4 Air Transport:.......................................................................................................... 79 3.5 Electricity:................................................................................................................ 80 3.6 Telecommunication/Telephone:........................................................................... 81 3.7 Fuel Wood:.............................................................................................................. 82 SECTION IV 4.0 SOCIAL SERVICES : ............................................................................................83 4.1 EDUCATION SECTOR:........................................................................................ 83 4.1.1 Introduction:............................................................................................... 83 4.1.2 Enrolment:................................................................................................... 85 4.1.3 Dropouts:.................................................................................................... 93 4.1.4 Primary School Facilities:.......................................................................... 96 4.1.5 Nursery Schools:...................................................................................... 104 4.1.6 Secondary Schools:................................................................................. 104 4.1.7 Vocational Training Centres:.................................................................. 108 4.1.8 Literacy:..................................................................................................... 108 4.2 HEALTH SECTOR ................................................................................................ 113 4.2.1 Introduction:............................................................................................. 113 4.2.2 Organisational Structure ......................................................................... 115 4.2.3 Referral System......................................................................................... 116 4.2.4 Adequacy and Accessibility:................................................................. 117 4.2.5 Health Indicators:..................................................................................... 123 4.3 WATER SECTOR................................................................................................. 130 4.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 130 4.3.2 Rural Water Supply ................................................................................. 131 4.3.3 Coverage of Rural Water Supply:.......................................................... 132 4.3.4 Water Schemes Management ................................................................ 133 4.3.5 Rural Water Supply Scheme Inventory ................................................ 134 4.3.6 Problems Facing Rural Water Supply:.................................................. 135 4.3.7 Technology:.............................................................................................. 136 ii 4.3.8 Future Strategy:........................................................................................ 138 4.3.9 Urban Water Supply:............................................................................... 138 4.3.10 Urban Water Supply Coverage:.............................................................. 139 4.3.11 Sanitation:................................................................................................. 140 SECTION V 5.0 OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES:................................................................. 142 5.1 Gender Development:........................................................................................... 142 5.2 Cooperatives:........................................................................................................ 148 5.3 Programmes and Various Activities Supported By NGO’s in Kilimanjaro Region 1995 ........................................................................................................... 149 SECTION VI 6.0 POTENTIAL INVESTIMENT AREAS ............................................................ 153 6.1 Agriculture:............................................................................................................ 153 6.2 Livestock:............................................................................................................... 154 6.3 Forestry:................................................................................................................. 155 6.4 Tourism: ................................................................................................................. 155 6.5 Industrial Sector:................................................................................................... 156 6.6 Women Development:......................................................................................... 156 ANNEXES ANNEX A .......................................................................................................................... 157 Kilimanjaro Region in a Nutshell........................................................................ 157 ANNEX B .......................................................................................................................... 163 Hai District Summary............................................................................................ 163 ANNEX C .......................................................................................................................... 167 Mwanga District Summary .................................................................................. 167 ANNEX D .......................................................................................................................... 171 Same District Summary ....................................................................................... 171 iii ANNEX E........................................................................................................................... 175 Rombo District Summary ............................................................................................ 175 ANNEX F..........................................................................................................................