Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Departement Toegepaste Taalkunde/Vertalers en Tolken Masterproef Master Vertalen Mulan: een onderzoek naar vertaling en adaptie van tekst- en filmfragmenten Alieke Es Promotor: Wim Haagdorens Assessor: Pieter Boulogne Universiteit Antwerpen Academiejaar 2014-2015 Ondergetekende Alieke Es, studente Engels – Chinees in de opleiding Master in het Vertalen, verklaart dat deze masterproef volledig oorspronkelijk is en uitsluitend door haarzelf is geschreven. Bij alle informatie en ideeën ontleend aan andere bronnen, heeft ondergetekende expliciet en in detail verwezen naar de vindplaatsen. Antwerpen, 21/05/2015 2 Inhoudstafel 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Korte samenvatting en achtergrond ............................................................................................... 8 4. Chinese poëzie ............................................................................................................................... 10 4.1. Geschiedenis.......................................................................................................................... 10 4.2. Thema’s ................................................................................................................................. 11 4.3. Genres en subgenres ............................................................................................................. 15 4.4. Prosodie ................................................................................................................................. 17 4.5. Structuur ................................................................................................................................ 18 5. Vertalen ......................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1. Definitie van vertalen ............................................................................................................ 20 5.2. Vertalen in China ................................................................................................................... 21 5.3. Vertaalstudies en vertaalstrategieën .................................................................................... 21 5.3.1. Vertaalstudies ................................................................................................................ 21 5.3.2. Vertaalstrategieën ......................................................................................................... 21 5.4. Vertalen van poëzie ............................................................................................................... 22 5.4.1. Definities ........................................................................................................................ 22 5.4.2. Theoretische benadering van poëzie vertalen .............................................................. 23 5.4.3. Contrastieve analyse Nederlands–Chinees ................................................................... 35 A) Algemene verschillen ............................................................................................................ 36 B) Verschil in logica .................................................................................................................... 36 C) Verschil in grammatica .......................................................................................................... 38 D) Vertalen van Chinese poëzie ................................................................................................. 41 6. Comparatieve analyse gedichten .................................................................................................. 48 6.1. Rijm ........................................................................................................................................ 49 6.2. Woordenschat ....................................................................................................................... 53 6.3. Culturele elementen .............................................................................................................. 56 6.4. Vertaalstrategieën ................................................................................................................. 57 7. Disneyadaptatie en haar verschillen ............................................................................................. 62 8. Conclusie ....................................................................................................................................... 71 9. Literatuurlijst ................................................................................................................................. 73 10. Bijlagen ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Bijlage 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 77 Bijlage 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 80 Bijlage 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 83 Bijlage 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 86 Bijlage 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 91 4 1. Abstract This master’s thesis deals with cultural differences as well as differences in content which can prevent fluent translations and adaptations of poetry. By researching this, we aim to create a better understanding of difficulties which can arise during the translation process. In this thesis, three versions of the poem ‘The ballad of Mulan’ are used to examine the aforementioned differences and difficulties. The versions which are compared, are: the original poem (木 兰 辞, Mù Lán cí, written during the Six Dynasties), the English translation by Hans Fränkel (The Ballad of Mulan, 1976) and the Disney adaptation, Mulan, of 1998. Furthermore, a Dutch translation will be made to compare with the English translation. This thesis’ main focal point is the language which has been used, as well as other linguistic elements and their definitions. This stems from the writer’s interest and the education in Applied Linguistics which preceded this thesis. Preceding the research, an extensive theoretical foundation was carried out, which helped to conduct the research and led to an enhancement of the understanding of the terms and translation strategies which are used. The theory also contained a description of shi poetry, the type of poetry Mulan belongs to, and what its characteristics and difficulties are. Consequently, the theoretical foundation also aided while making the Dutch translation. The three versions of Mulan are compared with each other and with the Dutch translation and translation strategies are derived from this comparison. In the theory prior to this comparison, a definition of translation strategies along with several types of strategies for poetry are given. This to provide the reader of a full understanding of the subject before reading specific examples. Different strategies were used throughout the three versions of Mulan. Logically, this entails different reasons as to why words were translated in certain manners. Two different approaches were discovered: a target language-oriented and a source language-oriented approach. Apart from these different approaches, the translations also had different translation strategies. In all, five different translation strategies were used, four of which appeared in the source language-oriented translation. The target language-oriented approach was used in the Dutch translation, along with the translation strategy of adding footnotes to explain certain cultural elements. The source language-oriented translation of Hans Fränkel, contained strategies such as literal translations, naturalisation, transference and descriptive equivalents. The Disney adaptation used different motives given that it was mainly meant for children. Disney added or adapted several scenes for six reasons in total: to maintain parallelism with the source text, to add humour for his audience, he added elements which would be recognisable for the audience, to move the audience, to build the tension and lastly, to make the story of Mulan into a fairy tale. This last motive was done by adding two elements: a love story between Mulan and her captain with the elements of a damsel in distress and a knight in shining armour on the one hand and a heroine who (almost) single-handedly saves China on the other. This research can be of interest to translation studies which examine translation strategies for poetry and it can be useful for research on cultural differences and how these can be conveyed in a target culture. 6 2. Inleiding Deze thesis handelt over culturele en inhoudelijke verschillen die een vlotte vertaling en adaptatie van poëzie in de weg kunnen staan.