TARTU ÜLIKOOL FILOSOOFIATEADUSKOND AJALOO JA ARHEOLOOGIA INSTITUUT Andreas Kraas Sport ja poliitika: boikottide mõju olümpiamängudele Magistritöö Juhendaja: Kaarel Piirimäe, PhD TARTU 2014 Sisukord Sisukord ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Sissejuhatus ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 I peatükk - Sport ja poliitika .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Poliitika spordis ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.2 Sport diplomaatia vahendina ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.3 Spordi roll relvakonfliktides ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.4 Religioossed ja riikide vahelised pinged spordis ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.5 Spordiga seotud boikotid väljaspool olümpialiikumist .......................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Poliitika olümpialiikumises ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Terrorism ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 Riikide tunnustamisega seotud küsimused olümpialiikumises ............................................................................................. 22 II peatükk – Boikottide roll olümpialiikumises ......................................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Olümpiamängude boikoteerimised .................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.2 Boikotiähvardused .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Boikotiähvardused usulise ja rassilise tagakiusamise tõttu .................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Boikotiähvardused suurriikide poliitika tõttu .......................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Boikotiähvardused seoses inimõiguste olukorraga ................................................................................................................. 36 2.3 Olümpiamängude boikotid ............................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Berliin 1936 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Helsingi 1952 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 39 2.3.3 Melbourne 1956 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 40 2.3.4 Tokyo 1964 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.5 Montreal 1976 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.6 Moskva 1980 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 44 2.3.7 Tallinna olümpiaregatt ................................................................................................................................................................ 49 2.3.8 Los Angeles 1984 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.3.9 Soul 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 52 2.4 Taliolümpiaboikotid ........................................................................................................................................................................... 53 2.5 Boikottidest tingitud alternatiivsed spordivõistlused .................................................................................................................... 55 2.5.1 Tööliste Olümpiaad...................................................................................................................................................................... 55 2.5.2 Rahva Olümpiaad ........................................................................................................................................................................ 56 2.5.3 GANEFO mängud ........................................................................................................................................................................ 57 2.5.4 Liberty Bell Classic ....................................................................................................................................................................... 58 2.5.5 Дружба-84 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 2.5.6 Hea Tahte mängud ....................................................................................................................................................................... 59 III peatükk – Olümpia boikottide mõju ...................................................................................................................................................... 60 3.1 Mõjud korraldajale .............................................................................................................................................................................. 60 3.2 Mõjud olümpialiikumisele ................................................................................................................................................................. 62 3.3 Mõjud sportlastele ............................................................................................................................................................................... 64 2 3.4 Mõjud boikoteerijatele ........................................................................................................................................................................ 66 3.5 Võimalikud boikotid tulevikus ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Kokkuvõte ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Kasutatud allikad ja kirjandus..................................................................................................................................................................... 76 - Raamatud ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 - Raamatute peatükid ja ajakirjade artiklid .................................................................................................................................. 78 - Dissertatsioonid ............................................................................................................................................................................ 78 - Interneti allikad ............................................................................................................................................................................. 79 Summary - Sport and Politics: the Influence of Boycotts on Olympics .................................................................................................. 80 Lisa 1 – ROK-i presidendid .........................................................................................................................................................................