MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Description of the Environmental Conditions and Discussion of the Geographic Relations of the Biota, Publication 4. by Alexander G. Ruthven. ...............................................4 Biological Series 2. Location and Description of the Sand Region................4 Topography. ............................................................ 4 General Soil Conditions........................................... 6 A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SAND DUNE Habitats....................................................................6 REGION ON THE SOUTH SHORE OF SAGINAW Sand Ridges ................................................................6 Beach of Saginaw Bay .................................................6 BAY, MICHIGAN Wooded Swamps.........................................................7 Mesophytic Woods.......................................................7 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF Sedge and Grass Swamps ..........................................7 ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN Transient Ponds...........................................................7 Chief Field Naturalist, Michigan Geological and Permanent Ponds ........................................................7 Biological Survey Streams........................................................................8 Saginaw Bay ................................................................8 The Geographic Relations of the Terrestrial Flora and Vertebrate Fauna of the Sand Region. ..........................9 Climate.....................................................................9 Precipitation .................................................................9 Temperature.................................................................9 Local and General Distribution of the Biota...........10 Literature. .....................................................................11 Ecological Relations of the Flora, by G. H. Coons.....12 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Physiographic Conditions.............................................13 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR Ecological Relations.....................................................13 1910 Hydrophytes—Fresh Water Formations................ 13 Helophytes—Swamp Formations..........................13 LANSING, MICHIGAN Amphibious Formation—Carex, Juncus and Scirpus WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Associations...............................................................13 1911 Reed—Swamp Formation—Phragmites Association .14 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, Bush Swamp Formation—Alnus Association .............15 1911. Wooded Swamp Formation—Birch-Willow Association.................................................................15 Mesophytes—Forest Formation—Poplar-Birch- EX OFFICIO: Maple Association. ................................................16 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, Psammophytes—Beach Formations.....................16 HON. CHASE S. OSBORN, President. Dune Formation-Calamovilfa-Ammophila Association.................................................................17 THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Dune Heath Formation...............................................17 HON. L. L. WRIGHT, Secretary. Dune Bushland Formation .........................................18 THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, Dune Forest Formation ..............................................18 HON. D. M. FERRY, JUNIOR. Summary of Ecological Relations.......................... 20 Fungus Formations. .....................................................20 DIRECTOR, R. C. ALLEN. Phytogeographical Relations. ......................................22 General Summary. .......................................................22 SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS. Literature Cited.............................................................23 Geologists.—Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. WM. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti. Catalog of Plants, by C. K. Dodge................................25 Botanists.—Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Introduction and General Description of the Region....25 Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Plants of the Beaches. .................................................26 Zoologists.—Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Plants of the Dunes......................................................27 Reighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. Geographic Notes. .......................................................27 Acknowledgments. .......................................................28 List of Species..............................................................28 CONTENTS. Mollusca, by H. Burrington Baker................................52 Introduction...................................................................52 Introduction, Itinerary and Acknowledgments, by General Discussion. .....................................................52 Alexander G. Ruthven..................................................... 3 Physiography.........................................................52 Publication 4, Biological Series 2 – Page 1 of 146 Sand Dunes................................................................52 Literature Cited...........................................................113 North and Stony Islands .............................................53 Caseville and Pigeon River ........................................53 Amphibians and Reptiles, by Alexander G. Ruthven.114 Rush Lake ..................................................................54 Geographic Relations of the Fauna. ..........................114 Geographic Relations. ...........................................54 Habitat Relations of the Fauna...................................115 Aquatic Forms ............................................................54 List of Species............................................................116 Terrestrial Forms ........................................................54 Habitat Study. .............................................................. 54 Literature Cited...........................................................120 Aquatic Habitats.....................................................54 Birds, by N. A. Wood and Frederick Gaige. ..............120 Habitats of Saginaw Bay ............................................54 General Discussion. ...................................................120 Habitats of the Sand Dune Lakes...............................57 Habitats of Rush Lake ................................................57 List of Species............................................................122 Habitats of the Swamps..............................................59 Mammals, by N. A. Wood. ...........................................138 Habitats of the Pigeon River.......................................60 Land Habitats.........................................................61 Introduction.................................................................138 Habitats of the Sand Dunes........................................61 List of Species............................................................138 Habitats of North and Stony Islands ...........................63 Appendix A. Temperature Records for June, July and Habitats of the Creek Flats.........................................64 August on Sand Point ................................................139 Habitats of the Clay Soil .............................................65 Appendix B. Additional Remarks on the Biota and List of Habitats............................................................. 66 climate of the Sand Dune Region, by Alexander G. List of Species. ............................................................ 66 Ruthven......................................................................140 Thysanoptera and Orthoptera, by A. Franklin Shull.. 78 General Introduction.................................................... 78 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Thysanoptera............................................................... 78 Introduction. ...........................................................78 Map. Huron County. ............................................................113 Scope of Investigations..........................................79 Plate I. (a.) Beach on the north side of Sand Point. ............141 Methods of Collecting and Preserving Specimens. ............................................................79 (b.) Face of outer dune at Oak Point. ..................................141 Ecology of the Thysanoptera. ................................80 Plate II. (a.) North side of Sand Point toward the end.. .......141 Scheme of Classification. ......................................80 (b.) Looking northeast at the west side of Oak Point...........141 Factors Determining Habitat. .................................81 Habits of Thysanoptera..........................................83 Plate III. (a.) Sand flat west of Little Oak Point....................141 Locomotion. ...........................................................83 (b.) Blowout in outer dune ridge, showing old beach upon Reproduction..........................................................84 which the dune is superimposed. .................................141 Dissemination. .......................................................85 Enemies and Checks.............................................88 Plate IV. (a.) Fossil beach near the end of Sand Point........142 Predaceous Animals ..................................................88