Index α ratio, 210, 264 Beam power tube, 474 β ratio, 186, 264 Bel, 8 10-50 milliamp signal, 379 Beta ratio, 186, 264 4-20 milliamp signal, 379 Beta ratio, bipolar transistor, 479 4-layer diode, 322 Beta variations, 187 741 operational amplifier, 361 Bias current, op-amp, 398 Bias, BJT, base, 235 A-weighted dB scale, 14 Bias, BJT, calculations, 235 A/D converter, 365 Bias, BJT, collector-feedback, 236 AC-DC power supply schematic, 333 Bias, BJT, emitter, 237 Active device, 3 Bias, BJT, voltage divider, 243 Active mode, transistor, 183 Bias, diode, 98 Alpha ratio, 210, 264 Bias, transistor, 195, 222 Amplification, definition, 3 Bilateral, 294 Amplifier, differential, 357 Bipolar-mode MOSFET, 314 Amplifier, inverting, 371 Bistable, 389 Amplifier, noninverting, 371 Brattain, Walter, 60, 65 Amplifier, single-ended, 357 Breakdown, diode, 102 Analog-to-digital converter, 365 Breakdown, transistor, 327 Angular Momentum quantum number, 33 Breakover, thyristor, 327 Anti-static foam, 287 Bridge rectifier circuit, 111 Antilogarithm, 10 Bridge rectifier circuit, polyphase, 111 Artifact, measurement, 450 Bypass capacitor, 261 Astable, 391 Attenuator, 16 Calculus, 360, 386, 438 Attenuator, bridged T, 21 Capacitance, diode, 108 Attenuator, coaxial, 23 Capacitor, bypass, 261 Attenuator, L, 21 Capacitor, coupling, 231 Attenuator, PI, 20 Capacitor, op-amp compensation, 404 Attenuator, rf, 23 Cascode amplifier, 218 Attenuator, T, 19 Cat-Eye tube, 486 Avalanche photodiode, 153 Cathode, 471 Averager, 380 Cathode Ray Tube, 485 Center-tap rectifier circuit, 109 Band, electron, 47 Characteristic curves, transistor, 186, 293 Bandwidth, amplifier, 256 Check valve, 98 Bardeen, John, 60, 65 Clamper circuit, 121 511 512 INDEX Class A amplifier operation, 223 Cutoff voltage, 285 Class AB amplifier operation, 224 Cutoff, transistor, 177, 183 Class B amplifier operation, 223 Czochralski process, silicon , 75 Class C amplifier operation, 225 Class D amplifier operation, 225 Darlington pair, 209 Class, amplifier operation, 222 Datasheet, component, 107 Clipper circuit, 117 dB, 8 clipper, zener diode, 142 dB, absolute power measurements, 15, 16 CMRR, 393 dB, sound measurements, 14 Cockcroft-Walton, voltage multiplier, 128 dBA, 14 Coherent light, 151 dBk, 16 Cold-cathode tube, 482 dBm, 15 COMFET, 314 dBW, 16 Common-base amplifier, 210 DC restorer circuit, 121 Common-collector amplifier, 202 Decibel, 8 Common-emitter amplifier, 189 Decibels, attenuator, 17 Common-mode rejection ratio, 393 Decineper, 13 Common-mode voltage, 393 Degenerative feedback, 256 Commutating diode, 130, 131 Derivative, calculus, 439 Commutation, 131 DIAC, 329 Commutation time, diode, 108 Differential amplifier, 357 Commutation, forced, 350, 351 Differential pair, 408, 409 Commutation, natural, 333, 351 Differentiation, 360 Comparator, 363 Differentiation, calculus, 386, 438 Compensation capacitor, op-amp, 404 Diode, 98 Conduction band, 48 Diode check, meter function, 104, 180 Conductivity-Modulated Field-Effect Transis- Diode equation, the, 101 tor, 314 Diode junction capacitance, 108 Constant-current diode, 162 Diode leakage current, 108 Controlled rectifier, 338 Diode PIV rating, 102 Conventional flow, 98 Diode tube, 471 Cooper pair, 80 Diode, 4-layer, 73 Coupling capacitor, 231 Diode, constant-current, 162 Coupling loop, resonator, 488, 491 Diode, Esaki, 144 Critical rate of voltage rise, 328, 330 Diode, four-layer, 322 Crossover distortion, 494 Diode, hot carrier, 143, 158 Crowbar, 333 Diode, IMPATT, 160 CRT, 485 Diode, laser, 150 Crystal radio, 424 Diode, light-activated, 152 Current mirror, 264 Diode, light-emitting, 146 Current source, 184, 378 diode, MIIM, 85 Current sourcing vs. sinking, 267 diode, MIM, 163 Current, diode leakage, 108 Diode, pin, 159 Current-limiting diode, 162 Diode, PNPN, 322 Current-regulating diode, 162 Diode, schottky, 143 Curve, characteristic, 186, 293 Diode, Shockley, 322 INDEX 513 Diode, snap, 159 Forced commutation, 350, 351 Diode, SPICE, 163 Forward bias, 98 Diode, tunnel, 144 Forward voltage, diode, 100 Diode, varactor, 158 Four-layer diode, 322 Diode, varicap, 158 Frequency response, op-amp, 404 Diode, zener, 136 Full-wave rectifier circuit, 109, 111 DIP, 361 Discharge tube, 483 Gain, 6 Distortion, amplifier, 256 Gain, AC versus DC, 7 Distortion, crossover, 494 Gate turn off switch, 73 dn, 13 Gate-Controlled Switch, 330 Double-layer tunneling transistor, 84 Gate-Turn-Off thyristor, 330 Drift, op-amp, 404 GCS, 330 Dropout, thyristor, 327 Glow tube, 484 Dual Inline Package, 361 Grid, 470 Dual power supply, 357 Ground, 356 Duty cycle, square wave, 364 Ground, virtual, 371 Duty cycle, squarewave, 225 GTO, 330 GTO, gate turn off switch, 73 Edison effect, 469 Effect, Edison, 469 Half-wave rectifier circuit, 108 Electrode, cathode, 471 Harmonic, 342 Electrode, grid, 470 Harmonic, even vs. odd, 342 Electrode, screen, 473 Harmonics and waveform symmetry, 342 Electrode, suppressor, 476 Heptode, 477 Electron, 28 hfe, 187 Electron flow, 98 High temperature superconductors:, 82 Emitter follower, 205 Holding current, SCR, 332 Emitter-follower amplifier, 202 hot carrier diode, 143 Equation, diode, 101 Hot-cathode tube, 482 Equilibrium, 366 Hybrid parameters, 187 Esaki diode, 144 Hysteresis, 389, 482 Exclusion principle, 36 IC, 267 Failure mode, zener diode, 136 IGBT, 314, 353 Faraday’s Law, 130, 131 IGFET, insulated gate field effect transistor, Feedback, amplifier, 256 70 Feedback, negative, 366 IGT, 314, 353 Feedback, positive, 388 IMPATT diode, 160 FET, field effect transistor, 65 Inductive output tube, 488 Field effect transistor , 65 Inert elements, 38 Firing, thyristor, 327 Input, inverting, 358 Flash converter, 365 Input, noninverting, 358 Floating, 177, 330 Insulated gate field effect transistor, 70 Flow, electron vs. conventional, 98 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor, 314, 353 Foam, anti-static, 287 Insulated-Gate Transistor, 314, 353 514 INDEX Integrated circuit, 267 Mu, tube amplification factor, 477 Integration, calculus, 386, 438 Multiplier circuit, diode, 123 Inverting amplifier, 192, 371 Multiplier, frequency, varactor, 422 Inverting summer, 381 Ionization, 318, 481 Natural commutation, 333, 351 Negative feedback, 256, 366 JFET, junction field effect transistor, 65 Negative resistance, 144 Josephson junctions, 80 Neper, 13 Josephson transistor, 81 Neutron, 28 Joule’s Law, 11, 136 Noble elements, 38 Junction capacitance, diode, 108 Noninverting amplifier, 371 Noninverting summer, 381 Kickback, inductive, 130 Number, quantum, 33 Kirchhoff’s Current Law, 175 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, 205 Offset null, op-amp, 397 Klystron, 488 Offset voltage, op-amp, 396 Ohmic region, JFET, 295 Laser diode, 150 Op-amp, 262, 361 Laser light, 151 Operational amplifier, 262, 361 Latch-up, 396 Orbital, electron, 35 Latching, thyristor, 327 Oscillator, 256 Leakage current, diode, 102, 108 Oscillator, op-amp, 391 LED, 146 oscillator, phase shift, 422 Light-emitting diode, 146 Oscillator, relaxation, 319 Lilienfeld, Julius, 65 Oscillator, voltage-controlled, 489 Load line, 226 Over-unity machine, 5 Logarithm, 10 Passive averager, 380 Magic-Eye tube, 486 Passive device, 3 Magnetic quantum number, 33 Pauli, exclusion principle, 36 Magnetic tunnel junction, 88 PCB, 106 Mechanics, quantum, 32 Peak detector, 115 MESFET, metal semiconductor field effect tran- Pentagrid tube, 477 sistor, 68 Pentode tube, 306 Metal oxide field effect transistor, 70 Perpetual motion machine, 3 Mho, 296 Phase shift, op-amp, 405 Microphonics, electron tube, 493 Photodiode, 152 MIIM, diode, 85 Photodiode amplifier, 455 Miller effect, 277 Photodiode, APD, 153 MIM diode, 163 Photodiode, PIN, 153 Monochromatic light, 151 PI-network , 16 MOS Controlled Thyristor, 352 PIN diode, 159 MOS-gated thyristor, 352 PIN, photodiode, 153 MOSFET, metal oxide field effect transistor, Pinch-off voltage, 285 70 PIV rating, diode, 102 MTJ, magnetic tunnel junction, 88 Plasma, 318, 481 INDEX 515 PNPN diode, 322 Saturation voltage, 368 Polyphase bridge rectifier circuit, 111 Saturation, transistor, 177, 183 Positive feedback, 256, 318, 388 Schottky diode, 143 Power supply schematic, AC-DC, 333 SCR, 329, 485 Principal quantum number, 33 SCR bridge rectifier, 338 Printed circuit board, 106 SCR, silicon controlled rectifier, 73 Process variable, 359 Screen, 473 Programmable unijunction transistor, 347 SCS, 350 Proton, 28 Secondary emission, 474 Pulse-width modulation, 364 Semiconductor, defined, 48 Push-pull amplifier, 223 Sensitive gate, SCR, 332 PWM, 364 Setpoint, 359 Shell, electron, 33 Quantum dot, 86 Shockley diode, 322 Quantum dot transistor, 86 Shockley, William, 60, 65, 73 Quantum mechanics, 32 Siemens, 296, 379 Quantum number, 33 Signal, 10-50 milliamp, 379 Quantum physics, 28 Signal, 4-20 milliamp, 379 quantum tunneling, 83 Silicon controlled rectifier, 73 Quiescent, 226 Silicon-controlled rectifier, 329, 485 Silicon-controlled switch, 350 Radio, crystal, 424 Single-ended amplifier, 357 Rail voltage, 368 Sink, current, 267 Rectifier, 98 Slicer circuit, 117 Rectifier circuit, 108 Slide rule, 10 Rectifier circuit, full-wave, 109, 111 Small-scale integration, 409 Rectifier circuit, half-wave, 108 Snap diode, 159 Rectifier, controlled, 338 Snubber, 131 Reference junction, thermocouple, 398 Solar cell, 154 Reflex klystron, 489 Solid-state, 2 Regenerative feedback, 256, 318 Sound intensity measurement, 14 Regulator, voltage, 207 Spark gap, 482 Relaxation oscillator, 319 SPICE, diode, 163 Resistance, negative, 144 Spin quantum number, 33 Resonant tunneling diode, 84 Spintronics, 88 Restorer circuit, 121 Split power supply, 357 Reverse bias, 98 SQUID:, 81 Reverse recovery time,