Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies CAHSS Theses, Dissertations, and Applied Theses and Dissertations Clinical Projects 2020 The Verbal and Non-Verbal Indicators of Deceit in Financial and Political Fraud: A Case Study of Bernard L. Madoff, Chen Shui- Bien and Bo Xilai Vivian Wu Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Vivian Wu. 2020. The Verbal and Non-Verbal Indicators of Deceit in Financial and Political Fraud: A Case Study of Bernard L. Madoff, Chen Shui-Bien and Bo Xilai. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (158) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/158. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses, Dissertations, and Applied Clinical Projects at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Verbal and Non-Verbal Indicators of Deceit in Financial and Political Fraud A Case Study of Bernard L. Madoff, Chen Shui-Bien and Bo XiLai By: Vivian Wu A Dissertation Presented to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philisoiphy Nova Southeastern University 2020 Copyright © by Vivian Wu January 2020 Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences This dissertation was submitted by Vivian Wu under the direction of the chair of the dissertation committee listed below. It was submitted to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences and approved in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution at Nova Southeastern University. Approved: Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my grandmother, Pwo Pwo, and to my auntie, Eva Wu, and my fiancé, Ken Lam. Although my grandmother is no longer alive to see me finish my doctorate, I would have never completed this dissertation without their unconditional love, sacrifice, and faith in me. Acknowledgements Many have contributed to the completion of this dissertation in terms of inspiration, mentoring, and support. I would like to recognize the following individuals for their advice and guidance: Dr. Dustin Berna, Ph.D., doctoral committee chair, who provided guidance and innovative ideas for guiding my research and this dissertation in the right direction. Dean Honggang Yang, Ph.D. for his encouragement and support throughout coursework and dissertation writing at Nova SE University. Dr. John Dopp, Ph.D, my dean and professor from my Executive Master program, who encouraged me to pursue my doctorate; Dr. Neil Katz, Ph.D., and Dr. Urszula Strawinska-Zanko, Ph.D, my doctoral committee members, who were always there when I needed advise and help. I would also like to recognize the following individuals for their personal support: Charlie and Alex, my daughter and son, who have been beyond understanding when their mom could not have supported them more due to her hectic schedule. My mother, Jane Chiang, my father, Alex Wu, my grandfather, H.J. Wu, my grandmother, Lau Pwo Pwo, big uncle, H.J. Wu, big aunty, Penny Wu, small uncle, H. M. Wu, for raising, teaching and providing me the best childhood in Taiwan. Anita Wang, my cousin in Taipei, for assisting me for accessing the online Taiwanese libraries’ and universities’ website. Binamin Konlan, my dear friend, for tirelessly providing me encouragement, emotional support and the “push” to complete this dissertation. Linda Kovack, my good friend, for her support and sense of humor when I needed a laugh. My church sisters, Monica and Li Ying, who have been praying for me for as long as I could remember. Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... viii Abstract ......................................................................................................................... viii Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Significance of Study ................................................................................................ 10 Statement of Problem ................................................................................................ 14 Organization of Dissertation ..................................................................................... 16 Chapter Two: Literature Review ................................................................................... 18 Definition and History of Fraud and Corruption ...................................................... 18 How Have We Been Combating Fraud, Corruption and Deceit? ............................. 27 Facial Expression as an Early Detection of Deception? ........................................... 30 Are There Universal Facial Expressions? ................................................................. 32 Communication Styles Challenging for Universal Facial Expressions .................... 36 How to Detect High-Stake Liars? ............................................................................. 40 Is High Level Emotional Intelligence Required for Successful Deceivers? ............. 42 Are People Effective Lie-Detectors? ........................................................................ 44 Can One Distinguish a Spontaneous vs. Simulated Facial Expression? ................... 45 Maslow’s Self Actualization Theory ........................................................................ 48 Chapter Three: Research Methodology ......................................................................... 58 Subject Selection ....................................................................................................... 62 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 64 Chapter Four: Case Studies ............................................................................................ 66 i Interpretation of the General Facial Expression and Body Language ...................... 66 Eyes-body language .................................................................................................. 67 Mouth-body language ............................................................................................... 71 Head-body language ................................................................................................. 74 Arms-body language ................................................................................................. 77 Thumbs ..................................................................................................................... 83 Is There a Difference in American and Chinese Body Languages? ......................... 84 The Focus on Politeness............................................................................................ 85 Facial Expressions .................................................................................................... 87 Tools to Measure Facial Muscles-Facial Action Coding System ............................. 88 Case Study One: 1 Bernard L. Madoff ..................................................................... 94 Non-Verbal Cues .................................................................................................... 109 Verbal Cues ............................................................................................................. 122 Case Study Two: Chen Shul Bian ........................................................................... 125 Verbal Cues-Chen Shui-Bian .................................................................................. 136 Non-Verbal Cues Chen Shui Bian .......................................................................... 140 Case Study Three: Bo Xilali ................................................................................... 153 Organized Crime ..................................................................................................... 158 Economic Policies ................................................................................................... 160 Family ..................................................................................................................... 164 Bo Xilai's Trial ........................................................................................................ 166 Verbal Cues ............................................................................................................. 168 Non-Verbal Cues .................................................................................................... 171 ii Chapter Five: Conclusion ............................................................................................ 182 Bernie Madoff ......................................................................................................... 194 Chen Shui Bian ......................................................................................................