The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Sharing Benefits from Tourism in Mozambique:Case studies from Inhambane and Maputo ProvincesTown Thesis Presented in Fulfilment of the Requirements forThe Degree of Master of ScienceIn the Department of EnvironmentalCape and Geographicalof Sciences Mayra P.A. Pereira 2011 University Sharing Benefits from Tourism in Mozambique:Case studies from Inhambane and Maputo Provinces Sharing Benefits from Tourism in Mozambique: Case studies from Inhambane and Maputo Provinces Mayra P.A. PereiraTown 2011 Cape of Thesis PresentedUniversity in Fulfilment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science In the Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN 2 Sharing Benefits from Tourism in Mozambique:Case studies from Inhambane and Maputo Provinces ABSTRACT Mayra Pereira Tourism and Benefit sharing in Mozambique Tourism is one of the mainstays of the Mozambican economy but has potentially negative impacts on local communities. This study assessed the extent to which coastal communities in Mozambique are benefitting, or losing, from various tourism initiatives. Data was collected using qualitative and quantitative methods in three case study sites: two cases in Inhambane province (Tofo and Barra) and one in Maputo province (Gala), all representing marginalized coastal communities engaged in tourism. Methods included the administration of 244 household questionnaires, 14 focus group discussions and 33 key informant interviews. Town The study aimed to enhance understanding about specific tourism models that intended to enhance benefits to local communities through particular benefit-sharing strategies. These included a community and Non-Governmental CapeOrganisation (NGO) partnership, which initiated a community-owned lodge and other livelihood projects; a private sector tourism initiative that incorporated social responsibilityof objectives; and a government-driven levy for those communities living adjacent to a national park. These benefit sharing strategies were initiated in Gala and Barra, with the objective of enhancing monetary and non-monetary benefits to the local community. The conventional mass tourism model, which does not necessarily consider local people‟s needs and interests, was explored in Tofo, and this case study was chosen toUniversity highlight the impact of tourism in the absence of any benefit-sharing strategies. The findings of this study suggest that the contribution of tourism to the livelihoods of local communities is greater in the areas where the benefit-sharing strategies are being developed. Three key factors that are fundamental for enhancing the distribution of benefits to local communities include the role of institutions in tourism development, consideration of both the monetary and non-monetary benefits and losses to coastal communities of tourism, and recognising the need to understand and respond to the impacts of interventions in one sector on other sectors (such as between fisheries and tourism). Three models of benefit sharing were explored, involving NGOs, the private sector and the State. The NGO-community i Sharing Benefits from Tourism in Mozambique:Case studies from Inhambane and Maputo Provinces model was characterized by strong local participation and a strong social responsibility in terms of delivering benefits to the local community, however benefit sharing was constrained by a lack of experience and capacity and lack of financial sustainability. In the private sector model, a strategy was developed whereby political interference and corruption was avoided, ensuring that benefits flow directly to the local communities. However, there was a lack of representative and robust institutions and a risk of elite capture of benefits and centralised decision-making. The government model was characterised by significant cash benefits to the local community (enabled by an effective redistributive law), trust between stakeholders and strong local participation, however this model also had weak institutions, an incapacitated state, and an absence of a clear national policy and legal framework for benefit sharing. This study has contributed to the tourism knowledge base by investigating impacts of tourism on local communities as well as the different strategies to enhance benefits. Although many studies have been undertaken in order to understand the economicTown impacts of tourism and the potential of this industry to alleviate poverty and to promote local development, this dissertation highlights the need for a more holistic and complex approach to development in order to promote sustainable coastal livelihoods. Cape of University ii Sharing Benefits from Tourism in Mozambique:Case studies from Inhambane and Maputo Provinces Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................. x Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Tourism in Mozambique ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Coastal tourism and links to the fisheries sector in Mozambique ................................................................. 5 1.4 Key concepts ................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Aim ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Case study sites ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.8 Structure of thesis ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Tourism concepts, approaches and tools ................................................................Town.................................... 12 2.2.1 Ecotourism ........................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Community-based tourism ................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Pro-poor tourism .................................................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Tourism programs with a focus on sharing benefits ................................Cape ................................................... 22 2.3.1 Fair Trade Tourism in South Africa (FTTSA) ..................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Povertyof ................................ ...................................................... 25 2.4 Benefits and losses in the tourism sector .................................................................................................... 27 2.5 The links between tourism and fisheries sectors in coastal communities ................................................... 34 2.6 From Benefits to Models ............................................................................................................................ 37 2.6.1 NGO-community model – Donor funding for Benefit sharing ............................................................ 37 2.6.2 Private sector – community model – Corporate Social Responsibility ................................................ 41 2.6.3 Government – community model: Community Levy .......................................................................... 44 2.7 Summary ................................University................................ ....................................................................................