Psi Chi Psychological Journal of Research SUMMER 2018 | VOLUME 23 | ISSUE 3 ISSN: 2325-7342 Published by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology ® ® ® ABOUT PSI CHI PSI CHI JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Psi Chi is the International Honor So ciety in Psychology, found ed in 1929. Its mission: "recognizing and promoting excellence in the science and application of psy chol ogy." Mem­ SUMMER | VOLUME 23, ISSUE 3 ber ship is open to undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and alumni mak ing the study of psy chol ogy one of their major interests and who meet Psi Chi’s min i mum qual i fi ca tions. EDITOR Psi Chi is a member of the Asso cia tion of Col lege Honor Soci et ies (ACHS), and is an affiliate DEBI BRANNAN, PhD of the Ameri can Psy cho logi cal As so cia tion (APA) and the Association for Psy cho log i cal Western Oregon University Science (APS). Psi Chi’s sister honor society is Psi Beta, the na­­tional honor society in Telephone: (503) 751-4200 psychology for com mu nity and junior colleges. E-mail: [email protected] Psi Chi functions as a federation of chap ters located at over 1,150 senior col leg es and universities around the world. The Psi Chi Central Office is lo cat ed in Chatta nooga, ASSOCIATE EDITORS Ten nessee. A Board of Directors, com posed of psy chol o gy faculty who are Psi Chi members MARY BETH AHLUM, PhD and who are elect ed by the chapters, guides the affairs of the Or ga ni za tion and sets pol i cy Nebraska Wesleyan University with the ap prov al of the chap ters. Psi Chi membership provides two major opportunities. The first of these is ac a dem ic rec­ ERIN AYALA, PhD og ni tion to all in duc tees by the mere fact of mem ber ship. The sec ond is the opportunity of St. Mary's University of Minnesota each of the Society’s local chapters to nourish and stimu late the pro fes sion al growth of all members through fellowship and activities de signed to augment and en hance the reg u lar JENNIFER L. HUGHES, PhD cur ric ulum. In addition, the Or ga ni za tion provides programs to help achieve these goals Agnes Scott College including con ven tions, research awards and grants competitions, and publication opportunities. TAMMY LOWERY ZACCHILLI, PhD Saint Leo University JOURNAL PURPOSE STATEMENT STEVEN V. ROUSE, PhD The twofold purpose of the Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research is to foster and reward the Pepperdine University scholarly efforts of psychology students as well as to provide them with a valuable learning experience. The articles pub lished in the Journal represent the work of undergraduates, EDITOR EMERITUS graduate students, and faculty; the Journal is dedicated to increasing its scope and rele­ MELANIE M. DOMENECH RODRIGUEZ, PhD vance by accepting and involving diverse people of varied racial, ethnic, gender identity, sexual orientation, religious, and social class backgrounds, among many others. To further Utah State University support authors and enhance Journal visibility, articles are now available in the PsycINFO®, ® ® MANAGING EDITOR EBSCO , Crossref , and Google Scholar databases. In 2016, the Journal also became open access (i.e., free online to all readers and authors) to broaden the dissemination of re­ BRADLEY CANNON search across the psychological science community. DESIGNER JOURNAL INFORMATION LAUREN SURMANN The Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research (ISSN 2325­7342) is published quarterly in one EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS volume per year by Psi Chi, Inc., The International Honor Society in Psychology. REBECCA STEMPEL For more information, contact Psi Chi Central Office, Publication and Subscriptions, SUSAN ILES 651 East 4th Street, Suite 600, Chattanooga, TN 37403, (423) 756­2044. www.psichi.org; [email protected]. ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD GLENA ANDREWS, PhD Statements of fact or opinion are the re spon si bil i ty of the authors alone and do not imply an opin ion on the part of the officers or mem bers of Psi Chi. George Fox University RUTH L. AULT, PhD ADVERTISEMENTS DePaul University Advertisements that appear in Psi Chi Journal do not represent endorsement by Psi Chi of the advertiser or the product. Psi Chi neither endorses nor is responsible for the content of third­ AZENETT A. GARZA CABALLERO, PhD party promotions. Learn about advertising with Psi Chi at www.psichi.org/?page=Advertise Weber State University MARTIN DOWNING, PhD PERMISSION TO REPRINT NDRI Permission must be obtained from Psi Chi to reprint or adapt a table or figure; to reprint quotations exceeding the limits of fair use from one source, and/or to reprint any portion ALLEN H. KENISTON, PhD of poetry, prose, or song lyrics. All persons wishing to utilize any of the above materials must University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire write to the publisher to request nonexclusive world rights in all languages to use copyrighted MARIANNE E. LLOYD, PhD material in the present article and in future print and nonprint editions. All persons wishing to utilize any of the above materials are responsible for obtaining proper permission from Seton Hall University copyright owners and are liable for any and all licensing fees required. All persons wishing DONELLE C. POSEY, PhD to utilize any of the above materials must include copies of all permissions and credit lines Washington State University with the article submission. PAUL SMITH, PhD Alverno College ROBERT R. WRIGHT, PhD Brigham Young University-Idaho COPYRIGHT 2018 BY PSI CHI, THE INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY IN PSYCHOLOGY (VOL. 23, NO. 3/ISSN 2325-7342) Psi Chi Journal of SUMMER 2018 | VOLUME 23 | ISSUE 3 184 Invited Editorial: Writing Quantitative Empirical Manuscripts With Rigor and Flair (Yes, It’s Possible) Marianne Fallon Central Connecticut State University 199 Self-Affirmation Intervention to Remove Negative Effects Due to Self-Objectification Sarrah I. Ali and Heike I. M. Mahler* University of California, San Diego 209 The Relationship Between Extraversion and Listening Comprehension Under High- and Low-Salience Visual Distraction Conditions Nicole Virzi, Steven V. Rouse* , and Cindy Miller-Perrin* Pepperdine University 219 Reward Responsiveness Moderates Individuals With Disordered Eating’s Implicit Attitudes Toward the Caloric Value of Food Brittany A. Mascioli and Ron Davis* Lakehead University 227 Doing a 180: Examining the Stability and Reversal of Behavioral Confirmation Effects Jennifer L. Mezzapelle and Michael R. Andreychik* Fairfield University 237 Cna Uoy Raed Thsi Nwo? Contextual and Stimulus Effects on Decoding Scrambled Words Sarah J. Starling* and Kelsey A. Snyder DeSales University 251 The Effects of Perceived Attractiveness on Expected Opening Gambit Style Ryan S. Wood, Shawn R. Charlton*, Lauren B. Goodman, and Staeria R. Thompson University of Central Arkansas SUMMER 2018 PSI CHI JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH *Faculty mentor COPYRIGHT 2018 BY PSI CHI, THE INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY IN PSYCHOLOGY (VOL. 23, NO. 3/ISSN 2325-7342) 183 https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN23.3.184 Writing Quantitative Empirical Manuscripts With Rigor and Flair (Yes, It’s Possible) Marianne Fallon Central Connecticut State University ABSTRACT. As a scientist, you are obligated to share your discoveries with colleagues and with the world. You had better do it well. In this article, I offer suggestions for writing up empirical manuscripts with quantitative data. You will learn a lot about what goes into a good manuscript, informed by the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2010) and the most recent Journal Article Reporting Standards (Appelbaum et al., 2018). Further, you will learn a good deal about how to write your manuscript so that people might enjoy reading it. Taking my cue from writing rockstars both within and beyond psychology, I encourage all scientists to adopt a classic style that puts writers and readers on a level playing field. Although I have geared this article toward emergent researchers, I hope that seasoned researchers and educators might glean something new, or at the very least, enjoy reading it. ou must walk up to readers and say, Generating an empirical article—whether for ‘Let’s go for a ride. You pedal, I’ll steer.’” a class project or for publication—feels like you are “Y (Elbow, 1981, p. 315) probing an alien landscape. You easily succumb to I had just completed a draft of my master’s focusing on “what” because there is so much “what” thesis, and although I had written several APA­style to command your attention. You care less about manuscripts during my undergraduate days, this "how" despite its ability to terraform that terrain was the first article I had prepared for publication. into something habitable, maybe even beautiful. I applied all the knowledge and skills I had learned Books on academic writing (e.g., Sword, 2012) and practiced. Extensive literature review? Check. implicitly suggest that honing style is best left to Clearly presented results and conclusions? Double the professionals with experience in such matters. check. Sterling APA Style? Triple and quadruple But if you are to “start a stylistic revolution that will check. I was nervous but excited to receive feedback end in improved reading conditions for all (Sword, from my graduate mentor. I waited. And waited. 2012, p. vii),” you had best start early. Like now, Finally, with a gentle smile, she returned my draft to with your next manuscript—even if it is your first. me—steeped in red ink, blood dangling, threaten­ In this article, I will share insights about the ing to splatter and congeal on my worn shoes. what and how of quantitative manuscript writing I But I had followed the rules! How could this have learned from wrestling with peer review, read­ draft go so horribly wrong? After reading my men­ ing published works on writing, and working with tor’s copious feedback (which took several days), I many undergraduates writing their first quantitative realized that the issue was less about "what" I wrote empirical articles.