Working Group Under the Joint Expert Group on Transport and Environment Reduction of Energy Use in Transport Final Report 18.01.2006 Working Group Members T / Name Institution E-mail E Ministry of transport, Innovation and T REICHL Birgit [email protected] Technology T VANCURA Miroslav Ministry of Transport [email protected] E BENDL Jiri Ministry of Environment [email protected] Ministry of Transport and T VALLI Raisa [email protected] Communications Ministère de l'Ecologie et du [email protected] T PAIRAULT Olivier développement durable [email protected] E ZIEROCK Karl-Heinz Federal Environmental Agency [email protected] Ministry of Transport and T BASOLI Gianpaolo [email protected] Infrastructure National expert on the railways T GIARDA Monica [email protected] fields sr.policy advisor E KROON Martin [email protected] Ministerie VROM Adviser jacek.jaskiewicz@ E JASKIEWICZ Jacek Ministry of Environment mos.gov.pl Swedish Environmental Protection E HUNHAMMAR Sven [email protected] Agency Department for Environment, Food E WALLIS Alex and Rural Affairs, National Climate [email protected] Change Policy Division Department for Transport, Cleaner T BRIDGELAND Edward [email protected] Fuels and Vehicles European Commission E HODGSON Ian [email protected] DG ENV European Commission T SÖLDNER Franz Xaver [email protected] DG TREN JEG working group on reducing energy use in transport CONTENT Drafting Responsibilities I Introduction 1 Karl-Heinz Zierock II Review of Existing EU Activity 9 Raisa Valli, DG ENV/TREN III Drivers of Transport Demand and Demand Control 23 Olivier Pairault and Sven Hunhammar IV Vehicle Technology, Fuels and Lubricants 34 Edward Bridgeland and Falk Heinen V Modal Shift 41 Hedwig Verron VI Driver behaviour and traffic flow 56 Martin Kroon VII Summary 60 Karl-Heinz Zierock VIII Recommendations 65 Karl Heinz Zierock IX ANNEX 1 – Documentation sheets 67 Karl-Heinz Zierock X ANNEX 2 – Responses to GP questions 115 Karl-Heinz Zierock Editorial Responsibility Christoph Ehlert and Yvonne Appelhans German Umweltbundesamt (UBA) The Joint Expert Group on Transport and Environment is hereby presenting to the Commission its 2005 report with suggestions on the reductions of energy use in transport as an input to the discussions on the Green Paper on energy efficiency presented by the European Commission in June 2005. This document should not be considered either as an official statement of the position of the European Commission or of the expert's Member States. The drafting of this report has been provided by a Working Group of the Joint Expert Group. 2 Joint Expert Group on Reduction of Energy Use in Transport – Introduction I Introduction Mobility - a natural part of human life - brings people together and is the means for uniting business and communities in Europe and for connecting Europe to the world. In this respect mobility is a driver for economic prosperity and quality of life. Due to, inter alia, the progress in technology, the availability of fuels at relatively low costs and the general increase in wealth mobility takes place, overwhelmingly and increasingly, in form of motorised transport which, consequently, has been becoming a major driver for energy demand, pollution and environmental nuisances like noise, entailing high social and environmental costs. Moreover, the establishment of the European Union has created a freely functioning market for labour, capital, and goods and services which, in general, sets a frame for an increase in mobility demand. In so far the key policy objectives of the EU are in itself a major mobility driver. In order to overcome the conflict between the environmental burden caused by motorised transport and the policy objectives of sustainable development the EU defined in the 2001 White Paper on transport as a policy goal to decouple transport growth from economic growth. In implementing this policy the EU is faced with the challenge of dealing with an increased pressure from growth in the transport sector, partly also driven by the recent enlargement of the EU, while securing sustainability. At the same time EU polices aim at meeting the economic and competitiveness objectives set out in the Lisbon Agenda as well as the objective to integrate environmental aspects into other EU policy areas, as endorsed by the Cardiff European Council. Having in mind these framework conditions, the Joint Expert Group on Transport and Environment (JEGTE) identified at its Meeting of 21 April 2005 as a priority topic for its 2005 work programme the energy efficiency and energy use management in transport. In assisting the Joint Expert Group on Transport and Environment in its work on this topic a Working Group was established and asked in the terms of reference to address the following issues: • Identification of potential measures for reducing energy use and potential energy savings; • Assessment of achieved savings from measures implemented; • Identification of areas where there is synergy between reducing energy use and other policy areas such as safety, health and the environment; • Identification of examples of best practice; • Identification of appropriate EU level action and appropriate authorities to take responsibility for measures; • Assessment of the transport part of the Green Paper on energy efficiency in the context of the above process; • Development of recommendations for desirable action at Community level. The work of the Working Group should consider factors influencing energy use in transport over the whole chain including transport demand, modal choice, logistics, vehicle efficiency 1 Joint Expert Group on Reduction of Energy Use in Transport – Introduction and vehicle use. Assessment of measures to reduce energy use in surface transport1 should cover their technical potential, economic and environmental implications and policy implementation issues. It was agreed that the work of the group should build on existing knowledge and that it is important to identify what could be done at EU level, good and bad practices and barriers to the introduction of measures. For each measure the group should aim to identify its potential, the time frame, political acceptability and synergy with other policies. The boundary conditions relevant for the work of the Working Group are very well known. The growth of energy use and the associated emissions of CO2 from the transport sector are of concern for environmental and security of supply reasons. The key statistics paint an alarming picture of the transport sector in the EU. Just to repeat the most striking ones: 1 About 1/3 of the final energy consumption in EU 25 is caused by transport2, and road transport is by far the dominating sector, consuming nearly 90 % of the energy used for transport purposes. Final Energy Consumption 2002 (Mtoe) All sectors Industry Households, Commerce, etc. Households Services Transport Road Railways Air Inland navigation EU 25 1080 307 435 274 106 338 281 9 43 5 EU 15 957 269 375 237 106 313 259 7 42 5 Table I -1: Final 2002 energy consumption in EU 25 and EU 15 by sector in Mtoe 2 Since many years the final energy consumption by transport is growing and forecasts do not show a break in this trend3 Final energy consumption by transport (Mtoe) Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 EU 25 295 305 311 323 332 334 336 338 344 Table I-2: Final energy consumption in EU 25 by mode of transport in Mtoe 1 Due to this restriction in the mandate, air transport is not explicitly covered in this report. 2 See: http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/figures/trends_2030/index_en.htm; more specifically: http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/figures/scenarios/index_en.htm and http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook/2004_en.htm and http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136228,0_45572945&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL and http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136239,0_45571450&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL 3 See for example: European Commission: “European Energy and Transport Scenarios on Key Drivers”, September 2004. 2 Joint Expert Group on Reduction of Energy Use in Transport – Introduction 3 The growth is mainly caused by an increase in transport volumes which overcompensates the small energy efficiency improvements which have been made over time for the individual means of transport Annual Growth Rates in EU 25 (% change per year) Year 1995- 2002 2001- 2002 Passenger transport pkm (4 modes) (1) 1,7 1,7 Freight transport tkm (4 modes) (2) 2,4 0,9 (1) : passenger cars, buses & coaches, tram+metro, railways ; (2) : road, rail, inland waterways, pipelines Table I-3: Annual growth rates of passenger and freight transport in percent4 4 The goal of the EU, to decouple GDP growth from transport growth makes no progress for freight transport, and only very limited progress for passenger transport. Volume of freight transport index Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 EU 25 100.0 99.2 101.2 101.6 100.9 100.8 99.8 100.6 99.7 Table I-4: Index of inland freight transport volume relative to GDP; measured in tonne-km / GDP (in constant 1995 Euro), 1995=100 Volume of passenger transport index Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 EU 25 : : 100.0 : : : : : : EU 15 100.6 101.1 100.0 100.0 99.0 98.4 97.7 96.1 96.4 Table I-5: Index of inland passenger transport volume relative to GDP, measured in passenger-km / GDP (in constant 1995 Euro), 1995=100 5 For both, passenger and freight transport road is the overwhelmingly preferred mode of transport which continuously increased its share in passenger transport as well as in freight transport.