neighborhoods in America as well as the first How Early German permanent German settlement in the United States. Immigration and the While Germans settled throughout Pennsylvania and other areas, approximately 75% of German- Establishment of Germantown speaking immigrants came to America through the Influenced Philadelphia port at Philadelphia.3 Considering that a unified German state did Selena Bemak not exist until 1871, migrants from the Palatinate La Salle University who found their way across the Atlantic to Southeastern Pennsylvania shared a common Philadelphia, the sixth largest city in the language, but distinguished themselves by religion, United States, is a city forged from decades of which included mystics, Moravians, Mennonites, immigration. The City of Brotherly Love’s Quakers, Lutherans and members of the Reformed foundations rest on its immigrant communities that Church, as well as a few others.4 have developed over the past several centuries, including one of the most influential settlements in The religion of the Germans in itself was Philadelphia, established by early Germans who crucial to their immigration to Philadelphia because migrated to the New World in the seventeenth it was the pushing force, as many sought religious century. Germantown, along with the German freedom and tolerance that they did not receive in migrants who founded it, influenced the Greater Europe. The ideology of many Germans was also Philadelphia, not only with their founding of one of developed around their religious practice. For the oldest neighborhoods in America, but also example, early German Quakers were one of the through their religion, ideology, language, culture first promoters of religious tolerance in America, as and industry. well as other social justice issues such as the abolishment of slavery, voting rights for women, For the purpose of clarity, “early” German and prison reform. Pastorius, a former Pietist turned immigration refers to the first arrival of Germans to Quaker, even organized the first antislavery protest Philadelphia in 1683 up until the onset of in 1688.5 These beliefs, considered radical for the Revolutionary War, around approximately 1775, period, formed from the foundation of Quakerism, when German immigration to America was halted the belief that God is everyone, which makes all for a period of time.1 people are equal.6 Early German immigration to Philadelphia began in the second half of the seventeenth century, when German lawyer Francis Pastorius2 purchased 3 Aaron Spencer Fogleman, Hopeful Journeys: several thousand acres of land from William Penn German Immigration, Settlement and Political to establish a settlement of German Lutherans and Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775 Quakers in a wooded area, located just outside of (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania the city limits of Philadelphia. The settlement, Press, 1996), 70. known as Germantown, was officially founded by 4 Germantown and the Germans: An Exhibition of Pastorius in 1689, making it one of the oldest Manuscripts, Prints and Photographs from the Collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia 1 Marianne Wokeck. "The Flow and the and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Composition of German Immigration to (Philadelphia, PA: the Library Company of Philadelphia, 1727-1775." The Pennsylvania Philadelphia, 1983). 5 Magazine of History and Biography 105, No. 3 Craig W. Horle et al., eds., Lawmaking and (1981): 249-278. legislators in Pennsylvania: A Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, PA: University of 2 Samuel Pennypacker, The Settlement of Pennsylvania Press, 1991). Germantown and Pennsylvania and the Beginning 6 Robert L. Davidson, War Comes to Quaker of German Emigration to North America (New Pennsylvania, 1682-1756 (Philadelphia, PA: York, NY: Benjamin Blom, Inc., 1899), 54-57. Temple University Press, 1957). The settlement of Quakers in Germantown language linked Palatine migrants, it also prompted contributed to Philadelphia being known as the a sense of suspicion of Germans throughout the “Quaker City,” as well as the rise of abolitionism in Anglo-centric colonists, who feared a takeover of the North and the establishment of almshouses to Germanization.10 provide housing and food for the poor.7 The influence and abundance of German- Germans in Philadelphia also rose to action speaking immigrants was evident from the fear of with the onset of the Revolutionary war in and the Germanization that took hold in many English- British occupation of Philadelphia. Once again, speaking colonists. German-speakers struggled with religion influenced ideology in wartime; for acclimation into colonial society, clinging onto their example, the Moravians pledged their support to native language by passing it down through their King George III in the war because he enabled them generations and operating German-speaking to have religious freedom. On the other hand, schools.11 However, this was not the case for all groups such as the German Quakers opposed the Germans, including Pastorius. Very early in war due to their pacifist beliefs. Despite their German migration to Philadelphia, Pastorius pacifism, German-Quaker influence extended in the founded the first school in Germantown area that Battle of Germantown with the use of the Wyck was conducted in English because of his belief that House, then occupied by the German Wister family, German children should learn English to aid with as a hospital for British soldiers.8 the assimilation process into American society. The school closed upon Pastorius’ death in 1701.12 In Like German Quaker immigrants, German the following years, more schools were opened by Mennonites also established a stronghold within the Germans in the Greater Philadelphia area, and all of Germantown area during the same time. The them were German-speaking schools. Mennonite Church bears a strong resemblance to the Society of Friends in terms of plain dress and To combat the anti-assimilation tendencies speech, as well as fundamental beliefs. However, of German migrants, in 1727 the Pennsylvania Mennonites exercised their influence differently assembly made it a requirement that German- than members of the Society of Friends. While speaking immigrants take an oath of allegiance to Quakers provided agency to oppressed peoples the king.13 Anti-German sentiment in Philadelphia through the promotion of social justice issues, only continued to worsen in the coming years, as Mennonites exercised their influence on evident through Benjamin Franklin’s referral of Philadelphia from an economic standpoint, through Germans in Pennsylvania as “Palatine Boors.”14 the production of woven and knit fabrics by Mennonite artisans and weavers.9 The increase of fear of Germanization in not just Philadelphia, but also Pennsylvania, is a In addition to religion, language also representation of the growing hold that German factored into German influence on Philadelphia, in settlers maintained in the area. Consequently, the both positive and negative ways. While the German conflict escalated to the point of Reverend William 7 John Alexander, Render Them Submissive: 10 Maldwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration Responses to Poverty in Philadelphia, 1760-1800 (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), 41. 1980). 11 Germantown and the Germans: An Exhibition of 8 Sara Pennell, “The Quaker Domestic Interior, Manuscripts, Prints and Photographs from the Philadelphia 1780-1830: An Artifactual Collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia Investigation of ‘Quaker Esthetic’ at Wyck House, and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Philadelphia and Collen Brook Farm, Upper Darby, (Philadelphia, PA: the Library Company of Pennsylvania.” (Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia, 1983), 50. Pennsylvania, 1992). 12 Ibid. 9 Samuel Pennypacker, The Settlement of 13 Maldwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration Germantown and Pennsylvania and the Beginning (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, of German Emigration to North America (New 1992). York, NY: Benjamin Blom, Inc., 1899), 10-11. 14 Ibid., 40. Smith, former provost of the University of rebuilt the mill and the paper mill industry grew Pennsylvania, attempting to Anglicize German- exponentially. At one point, even Benjamin speakers by opening charity schools conducted in Franklin used the Rittenhouse mills to print his English. Despite his attempts, German speakers “Poor Richard’s Almanacs,” as well as other texts.19 invoked their power and influence by strongly resisting the schools, which were shut down by Gristmills and textile mills were also opened 1763.15 and operated by Germans in the late seventeenth century. The establishment of these mills in the While German language dominated within Germantown area, located between a port city and their own community enabling them to hold on to rural, southeastern Pennsylvania, promoted industry the culture of their homeland, the rejection of and contributed in boosting the local economy, Americanization ousted Germans living in the therefore reflecting German influence on Greater Philadelphia area as “the other” in some Philadelphia from an economic perspective.20 regards. Despite initial resistance from other colonists, the German language has persisted in Many German immigrants in the Greater America and continues to permeate American Philadelphia area also took to the publishing society, including Philadelphia. Streets throughout business, using an imported