Self-Administration of Abused Substances: Methods for Study U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Self-Administration of Abused Substances: Methods for Study Editor: Norman A. Krasnegor, Ph.D. NIDA Research Monograph 20 July 1978 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Research 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 017-024-00794-3 The NIDA Research Monograph series is prepared by the Division of Research of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Its primary objective is to provide critical re- views of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences, integrative research reviews and significant original research. Its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. Editorial Advisory Board Avram Goldstein, M.D. Addiction Research Foundation Polo Alto, California Jerome Jaffe, M.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York Reese T. Jones, M.D. Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute University of California San Francisco, California William McGlothlin, Ph.D. Department of Psychology. UCLA Los Angeles, California Jack Mendelson, M.D. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts Helen Nowlis, Ph.D. Office of Drug Education, DHEW Washington, D C Lee Robins, Ph.D. Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, Missouri NIDA Research Monograph series William Pollin, M.D. DIRECTOR, NIDA Marvin Snyder, Ph.D. ACTING DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF RESEARCH, NIDA Robert C. Petersen, Ph.D. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Eleanor W. Waldrop MANAGING EDITOR Parklawn Building. 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20857 Self-Administration of Abused Substances: Methods for Study ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This monograph is based on papers presented at a tech- nical review conducted by Plog Research, Inc., Reseda, California, under NIDA Contract No. 271-77-3413. The conference took place on February 14 and 15, 1978, in Reston, Virginia. Library of Congress catalog card number 78-63094 NIDA Research Monographs are indexed in the Index Medicus. They are selectively included in the coverage of BioSciences Information Service, Chemical Abstracts, Psychological Abstracts, and Psychopharmacological Abstracts. DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 80-727 Formerly DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-727 Printed 1978 Reprinted 1979 iv Foreword In July of 1975, the National Institute on Drug Abuse held a con- ference on the possible commonalities inherent in four substance use patterns : cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, excessive caloric intake, and illicit drug use. The consensus of the conferees was that there may be a set of basic processes which underlie these four behaviors and that the scientific evidence may be available and accessible if the data on each of these patterns are assessed within a broad framework. By widening the perspective, it is hoped that features common to substance abuse behavior can be discovered from the gestalt of this generic approach. While it is clear that there are numerous ways to conceptualize and study substance abuse behavior (e.g., psychodynamics, person- ality theory, etc.), the papers in this volume focus upon meth- odological approaches used to study self-administration of abused substances by humans under controlled laboratory conditions. This unique monograph illustrates the convergence of techniques used by behavioral scientists working in this area of inquiry and can serve as a point of reference for others who wish to conduct similar research. William Pollin, M.D. Director National Institute on Drug Abuse v Technical Review Participants Thomas F. Babor, Ph.D. Jerome II. Jaffe, M.D. Research Psychologist Professor of Psychiatry Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research College of Physicians and Surgeons Center Columbia University The McLean Hospital 422 West 168th Street Belmont, Massachusetts 02178 New York, New York 10032 George E. Bigelow, Ph.D. Murray E. Jarvik, M.D. Department of Psychiatry Professor of Psychiatry Baltimore City Hospital and Pharmacology Baltimore, Maryland 21224 University of California School of Medicine Marian W. Fischman, Ph.D. Neuropsychiatric Institute University of Chicago The Center for the Health Sciences Department of Psychiatry 650 Westwood Plaza Box 411 Los Angeles, California 90024 950 East 59th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 Reese T. Jones, M.D. Department of Psychiatry Marshal F. Folstein M.D. University of California Department of Psychiatry and San Francisco, California 94143 Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins Hospital Maureen B. Kanzler, Ph.D. Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Biological Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Roland R. Griffiths, Ph.D. Institute Department of Psychiatry and 722 West 168th Street Behavioral Sciences New York, New York 10032 The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Ira Liebson, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland 21205 City of Baltimore Department of Hospitals Ellen R. Gritz, Ph.D. 4940 Eastern Avenue University of California Baltimore, Maryland 21224 Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Richard Marcus, Ph.D. Neuropsychiatric Institute Research Psychologist 650 Westwood Plaza National Institute on Alcohol and Los Angeles, California 90024 Alcohol Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Leonard Heston, M.D. Rockville, Maryland 20857 University of Minnesota Department of Psychiatry Paul R. McHugh, M.D. Research Unit Chairman and Psychiatrist-in-Chief Medical School, Box 392 Department of Psychiatry and Mayo Memorial Building Behavioral Sciences 420 Delaware Street, S.E. The Johns Hopkins University Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205 vi Nancy K. Mello, Ph.D. Eberhard H. Uhlenhuth, M.D. Associate Professor The University of Chicago of Psychology Department of Psychiatry Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research 950 East 59th Street Center Chicago, Illinois 60637 The McLean Hospital Harvard Medical School Orland W. Wooley, Ph.D. Belmont, Massachusetts 02178 Department of Psychiatry University of Cincinnati Jack H. Mendelson, M.D. College of Medicine Building Professor of Psychiatry 231 Bethesda Avenue Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 Center The McLean Hospital Susan C. Wooley, Ph.D. Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry Belmont, Massachusetts 02178 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Building Roy W. Pickens, Ph.D. 231 Bethesda Avenue University of Minnesota Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit Medical School Conference Moderator 420 Delaware Street, S.E. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Norman A. Krasnegor, Ph.D. Division of Research Charles R. Schuster, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse Professor of Psychiatry and 5600 Fishers lane Pharmacological and Physio- Rockville, Maryland 20857 logical Sciences The University of Chicago Department of Psychiatry 950 East 59th Street Chicago, Illinois 60037 Harlan Shannon, Ph.D. The NIDA Addiction Research Center P.O. Box 12390 Lexington, Kentucky 40583 Maxine Stitzer, Ph.D. Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit Department of Psychiatry D Building 5 West Baltimore City Hospitals 4940 Eastern Avenue Baltimore, Maryland 21224 vii Contents Foreword William Pollin . v Technical Review Participants . , . vi Chapter 1 Introduction and Implications Norman A. Krasnegor . i I. DRUGS AND ETHANOL Chapter 2 Drug Seeking: A Behavioral Analysis in Animals and Humans Marian W. Fischman and Charles R. Schuster . 4 Chapter 3 Experimental Drug Self-Administration: Generality Across Species and Type of Drug Roland R. Griffiths, George R. Bigelow, and Ira Liebson . 24 Chapter 4 Therapeutic Self-Medication as a Context for Drug Abuse Research George E. Bigelow, Ira Liebson, Julia Kaliszak, and Roland R. Griffiths . 44 Chapter 5 Drug Abuse Research in Outpatient Clinics Maxine Stitzer and George E. Bigelow . 59 Chapter 6 Drug Self-Administration in Humans Chris E. Johanson and Eberhard H. Uhlenhuth . 68 Chapter 7 Experimental Studies of Sedative Self-Administration by Humans Roy W. Pickens and Leonard L. Heston . 86 Chapter 8 Marihuana, Alcohol, and Polydrug Use: Human Self-Administration Studies Nancy K. Mello and Jack H. Mendelson . 93 Chapter 9 Heroin Self-Administration: An Operant Analysis Jack H. Mendelson and Nancy K. Mello . 128 Chapter 10 Studying Social Reactions to Drug Self- Administration Thomas F. Babor . 149 viii II. FOOD AND TOBACCO Chapter 11 Defective Long-Term Caloric Regulation in Obesity Marshal F. Folstein and Paul R. McHugh . 182 Chapter 12 Methods and Findings in Study of Food Regulation in Obesity Susan C. Wooley and Orland W. Wooley . 189 Chapter 13 Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Tolerance Reese T. Jones, Thomas R. Farrell III, Ronald I. Herning . 202 Chapter 14 Tobacco and Nicotine Self-Administration in Humans: The Evolution of a Methodology Jerome H. Jaffe and Maureen B. Kanzler . 209 Chapter 15 Patterns of Puffing in Cigarette Smokers Ellen R. Gritz . 221 Chapter 16 Self-Administration of Cigarettes With Varying Tobacco and Nicotine Content Murray E. Jarvik . 236 List of Monographs . 244 ix Chapter 1 Introduction and Implications Norman A. Krasnegor, Ph.D. This monograph is the first in a series of related volumes which will address different aspects of an