Flora of China 9: 195–285. 2003. 28. RUBUS Linnaeus, Sp. P1. 1: 492. 1753. 悬钩子属 xuan gou zi shu Lu Lingdi (陆玲娣 Lu Ling-ti); David E. Boufford Shrubs or subshrubs, deciduous, rarely evergreen or semievergreen, sometimes perennial creeping dwarf herbs. Stems erect, climbing, arching, or prostrate, glabrous or hairy, usually with prickles or bristles, sometimes with glandular hairs, rarely unarmed. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, palmately or pinnately compound, divided or undivided, toothed, glabrous or hairy, sometimes with glandular hairs, bristles, or glands; stipules persistent, ± adnate to petiole basally, undivided or occasionally lobed, persistent or caducous, near base of petiole or at junction of stem and petiole, free, usually dissected, occasionally entire. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual and plants dioecious, in cymose panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or several in clusters or solitary. Calyx expanded, some- times with a short, broad tube; sepals persistent, erect or reflexed, (4 or)5(–8). Petals usually 5, rarely more, occasionally absent, white, pink, or red, glabrous or hairy, margin entire, rarely premorse. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, inserted at mouth of hy- panthium; filaments filiform; anthers didymous. Carpels many, rarely few, inserted on convex torus, each carpel becoming a drupelet or drupaceous achene; locule 1; ovules 2, only 1 developing, collateral, pendulous; style filiform, subterminal, glabrous or hairy; stig- ma simple, capitate. Drupelets or drupaceous achenes aggregated on semispherical, conical, or cylindrical torus, forming an aggre- gate fruit, separating from torus and aggregate hollow, or adnate to torus and falling with torus attached at maturity and aggregate solid; seed pendulous, testa membranous; cotyledons plano-convex. About 700 species: worldwide, particularly abundant in temperate regions of N hemisphere, a few species extending into S hemisphere; 208 species (139 endemic) in China. Rubus umbellifer H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg 6: 111. 1908), described from China, is referable to Grewia biloba G. Don var. biflora (Bunge) Handel-Mazzetti (Tiliaceae). The Chinese species of Rubus are mostly native and rare in cultivation. The fruit of many species are eaten raw or used for making jam, jelly, juice, candy, various drinks, wine, and vinegar. The dried fruits, seeds, and leaves are used in traditional Chinese medicine and the leaves are also used for tea. Some species are suitable for ornamental use, for hedges, or as ground covers. The stems and roots of some species are a source of tannin. 1a. Herbs, prostrate or creeping, rarely subshrubs, unarmed or sometimes with needle-like prickles or bristles; stipules free. 2a. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); leaves simple ............................................................................ 8. R. sect. Chamaemorus 2b. Flowers bisexual; leaves simple or compound. 3a. Plants with needle-like prickles or bristles; leaves simple; calyx usually with needle-like prickles or bristles abaxially; carpels more than 20, rarely less .................................................................... 6. R. sect. Chamaebatus 3b. Plants unarmed, rarely with needle-like prickles; leaves compound, 3–5-foliolate; calyx unarmed abaxially or sometimes with soft bristles; carpels fewer than 20, rarely more ........................................ 7. R. sect. Cylactis 1b. Shrubs, rarely subshrubs or herbs, usually with robust or needle-like prickles; stipules free or adnate to base of petiole. 4a. Stipules free, usually dissected, persistent or caducous; leaves simple or palmately compound. 5a. Plants prickly; stipules caducous or persistent; leaves simple, rarely palmately or pedately compound ........................................................................................................................................ 4. R. sect. Malachobatus 5b. Plants densely bristly, bristles rarely with intermixed sparse, needle-like or small prickles; stipules persistent, rarely caducous; leaves simple ...................................................................... 5. R. sect. Dalibardastrum 4b. Stipules adnate to base of petiole, rarely free, undivided, occasionally lobed, persistent. 6a. Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, (3–)5–11(–15)-foliolate, or simple; aggregate fruit separating from torus at maturity, hollow ............................................................................................. 1. R. sect. Idaeobatus 6b. Leaves usually ternate, sometimes pedately or palmately compound, rarely simple; aggregate fruit separating from or adnate to torus, hollow or not. 7a. Evergreen shrubs; leaves leathery; aggregate fruit separating from or adnate to torus at maturity, hollow or not ................................................................................................................ 2. R. sect. Lampobatus 7b. Deciduous shrubs; leaves papery; aggregate fruit adnate to, rarely separating from torus at maturity, rarely hollow .......................................................................................................................... 3. R. sect. Rubus 1. Rubus sect. Idaeobatus Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4: 143. 1874. 空心莓组 kong xin mei zu Shrubs, rarely subshrubs or herbs, usually with robust or needle-like prickles. Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, (3–)5– 11(–15)-foliolate, or simple; stipules persistent, mostly adnate to base of petiole, narrower than petiole, rarely broader, undivided, sometimes lobed. Flowers bisexual, in cymose panicles, subracemes, or corymbs, rarely several in clusters or solitary. Aggregate fruit separating from torus at maturity, hollow. Flora of China 9: 195–285. 2003. Eighty-eight species (55 endemic) in China. 1a. Leaves simple. 2a. Carpels ca. 100 or slightly more; aggregate fruit terete or cylindrical; leaves peltate .............................................. 79. R. peltatus 2b. Carpels ca. 10–60, rarely slightly more; aggregate fruit subglobose or ovoid-globose; leaves not peltate. 3a. Leaves palmately 3–5(–7)-divided, palmately 5-veined from base, pubescent along veins on both surfaces. 4a. Leaves ovate to narrowly ovate, 3–5-lobed; flowers 1–1.5 cm, several in clusters or in short terminal racemes; aggregate fruit ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous ................................................................................ 87. R. crataegifolius 4b. Leaves suborbicular, palmately (3–)5(–7)-parted; flowers 2.5–4 cm in diam., solitary; aggregate fruit 1.5–2 cm in diam., densely hairy .......................................................................................................................... 88. R. chingii 3b. Leaves undivided or 3-lobed, palmately 3-veined from base, glabrous or hairy. 5a. Plants glabrous, without glandular hairs. 6a. Flowers 3 or more, in short racemes; pistils ca. 10–50, glabrous ................................................................. 84. R. trianthus 6b. Flowers solitary; pistils 50–100, glabrous or tomentose. 7a. Leaf margin coarsely sharply serrate or doubly serrate; flowers red; pistils glabrous .............................. 85. R. grayanus 7b. Leaf margin simply serrate; flowers white; pistils densely gray tomentose ............................................... 86. R. yanyunii 5b. Plants soft hairy, rarely pubescent only along veins. 8a. Plants with glandular hairs; flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; aggregate fruit glabrous ................................ 80. R. glabricarpus 8b. Plants without glandular hairs; flowers 2–3 cm in diam.; aggregate fruit pubescent. 9a. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, usually 3-parted to near middle; abaxial surface of calyx with sparse, straight needle-like prickles; flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 .................................. 83. R. taitoensis 9b. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, undivided, rarely those of sterile branchlets 3-lobed; abaxial surface of calyx unarmed; flowers solitary or several in a cluster. 10a. Plants pubescent throughout; sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, 5–8 mm, acute to shortly acuminate; petals white, longer than sepals ................................................................................. 81. R. corchorifolius 10b. Plants glabrous or slightly pubescent only on leaf veins; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 10–15 mm, acuminate to caudate; petals red, shorter than sepals ........................................................... 82. R. kwangsiensis 1b. Leaves compound (only R. impressinervus with simple leaves). 11a. Leaves palmately compound; terminal leaflet sessile or nearly so. 12a. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets pilose on both surfaces; branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx with glandular hairs; abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like prickles; aggregate fruit glabrous .......................................................................................................................................................... 77. R. pentagonus 12b. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate; leaflets pilose only along veins on both surfaces; branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx without glandular hairs; abaxial surface of calyx unarmed; aggregate fruit villous ........................................................................................................................... 78. R. quinquefoliolatus 11b. Leaves imparipinnate, terminal leaflet prominently petiolulate. 13a. Stipules and bracts ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or suborbicular. 14a. Stipules and