391 GUIDE FOR MEASUREMENT OF RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE FROM HV AND MV SUBSTATIONS Joint Working Group C4.202 August 2009 GUIDE FOR MEASUREMENT OF RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE FROM HV AND MV SUBSTATIONS DISTURBANCE PROPAGATION, CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTURBANCE SOURCES, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, CONVERSION METHODOLOGIES AND LIMITS Joint Working Group CIGRE/CIRED C4.202 L.-E. Juhlin (SE) Convener R. Hubbard (ZA), G. Lucca (IT), H.-G. Öhlin (SE), C. Rajotte (CA), W.H. Siew (GB), D. Thomas (GB), Gy. Varju (HU) Invited Specialists: J. Eriksson Skansen (SE), E. Petersson (SE), P. Stenumgaard (SE) Corresponding members: R.H. Braeunlich (CH), D.O. Campones do Brasil (BR), B. Cramer (US), J. Diesendorf (AU), N.H. Jendal (NO), G.L. Solbiati (IT) Copyright©2009 “Ownership of a CIGRE publication, whether in paper form or on electronic support only infers right of use for personal purposes. Are prohibited, except if explicitly agreed by CIGRE, total or partial reproduction of the publication for use other than personal and transfer/selling to a third party. Hence circulation on any intranet or other company network is forbidden”. Disclaimer notice “CIGRE gives no warranty or assurance about the contents of this publication, nor does it accept any responsibility, as to the accuracy or exhaustiveness of the information. All implied warranties and conditions are excluded to the maximum extent permitted by law”. ISBN: 978-2-85873-078-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0. Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... 6 0.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 0.2. Scope of the guide .................................................................................................................... 7 0.3. Characteristics of the disturbances ........................................................................................... 7 0.4. Theoretical background ........................................................................................................... 7 0.5. Establishment of RFI limits for substations ............................................................................. 8 0.6. Measurement procedure and measurement uncertainties ...................................................... 10 0.7. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 11 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Background ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.3. Purpose of this guide .............................................................................................................. 12 1.4. Description of the phenomena ............................................................................................... 13 1.5. The state of the art.................................................................................................................. 13 1.6. Design and verification procedures ....................................................................................... 14 2. Background noise........................................................................................................................... 15 3. Characteristics of the radio receivers ............................................................................................. 16 3.1. General ................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Equipment immunity ............................................................................................................. 16 3.3. Different detectors used ......................................................................................................... 16 3.4. Communication in the frequency band 9 kHz to 150 kHz..................................................... 18 3.4.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.2. Services using this frequency range ............................................................................... 18 3.4.3. Detector principle........................................................................................................... 19 3.5. AM broadcasting .................................................................................................................... 19 3.6. FM broadcasting and TV ....................................................................................................... 19 3.7. Digital communication........................................................................................................... 19 3.8. Amateur radio ........................................................................................................................ 19 3.9. Other radio services ............................................................................................................... 20 3.9.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.9.2. Aviation radio and radar ................................................................................................ 20 3.9.3. Communication with mobile services ............................................................................ 20 3.9.4. Cellular telephones......................................................................................................... 20 3.9.5. Suitable detectors ........................................................................................................... 20 3.9.6. Conclusive summary ...................................................................................................... 20 4. Characteristics of the disturbance sources ..................................................................................... 21 4.1. General ................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2. Generation mechanism........................................................................................................... 22 4.2.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2. HV corona ...................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.3. Sparking ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.4. Arcing ............................................................................................................................ 23 4.2.5. Commutations ................................................................................................................ 23 4.2.6. PLC ................................................................................................................................ 27 5. Disturbance propagation ................................................................................................................ 28 5.1. General ................................................................................................................................... 28 5.2. Sources of RFI ....................................................................................................................... 28 5.2.1. Power electronic installations ........................................................................................ 28 5.2.2. Corona from substation equipment ................................................................................ 28 5.2.3. RFI emission due to spread out of high frequency currents .......................................... 28 2 5.3. RFI in the three zones in Figure 5.1 ....................................................................................... 29 5.3.1. Zone E ............................................................................................................................ 29 5.3.2. Zone S ............................................................................................................................ 29 5.3.3. Zone L ............................................................................................................................ 29 5.4. Disturbance reach................................................................................................................... 29 6. Modelling and calculation.............................................................................................................. 30 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 30 6.2. Analytical models of common wave shapes .......................................................................... 30 6.2.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 30 6.2.2. The double