Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11162-2 — An Environmental History of India Michael H. Fisher Index More Information Index Abbasi, Shahid, 239 Ali, Salim, 147, 181 Abbasid Caliphate, 81, 82, 87. See also Allahabad, 110 Islam; Muslims aloe trees, 58 Abu al-Fazl Allami, 97, 100 al-Qaeda, 234, 237 Acheulean culture, 22 Ambedkar, B.R., 155, 157 Addiscombe, East India Company military amber, 36 seminary, 133 America, 70, 130, 207. See also Columbian Adivasi,30–31. See also forest-dwellers Exchange; United States advaita (non-dualism), 45, 55 trade with, 78, 91–92, 102, 103, 114, 116 afforestation, 207, 210, 213, 229 Amritsar, 157, 159, 205. See also Punjab Afghanistan, 11, 16, 60, 64, 136, 213, 214. Andaman Islands, 24 See also South Asia, defined Anglicization, 129, 136, 137, 154, 156, 166 immigration from, 83, 85, 88, 94, 96 Anglo-Indians, 136, 142 Mughal period, 94, 109, 110, 113 animals. See by species Pakistan, relations, 163, 165, 168, antelope, 38, 51, 86, 103, 119 172–73, 234 Anthropocene, 19, 116 Africa, 13–14, 19 anupa (marshes), 52 European colonialism, 70, 78, 91, 154 apples, 126 immigration from, 22–23, 78–80, 91 aquifers, 1, 19, 118, 150, 151, 189, 191, Indians in, 154 240, 242–43. See also arsenic trade with, 65, 80, 81, 89, 91, 113 Arabia, 23, 78–82. See also Islam; Muslims Agarwal, Anil, 203 trade with, 39, 40, 81, 86, 89 agate, 36, 39 Arabian Sea, 45, 235 Agenda 21, 210, 224, 232. See also Rio Arabic, 20, 88, 95, 97, 100, 101, 125, Conference 213 Agha Khan Foundation, 231 Arakan, 109. See also Burma Agni, 56–57 aranya (forestland), 52 Agra, 95, 106, 109, 110, 198 Aranyaka (forest books), 55 agriculture, 24–25, 33, 45, 52. See also by Aravalli Mountains, 17, 83 crop; Green Revolution; sedentization; Aravidu dynasty. 90. See also Vijayanagar swidden architecture, 97, 103, 105–7, 158, 192–93 Ahmad, Fakhruddin, 243–44 Arcot, 123 Ahmadnagar, 88 arsenic, 16, 242–43. See also aquifers Ahmed, Shahabuddin, 221, 239 artha (political and material power), 68–69. Ahmedabad, 152 See also shastras AIDS, 75 Arya. See Vedic culture air pollution. See pollution Aryavarta (Noble People’s Land), 51 Akbar, Emperor, 88, 93, 96–102, 126 asbestos, 251 Alang-Sosiya, 251 Ashoka, Emperor, 50, 64–66, 75 alchemy, 97 ashram (sylvan hermitage or retreat), 55, alcohol, 105 57, 67 Alexander of Macedonia, 64, 81 ashrama (stages of life), 54 283 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11162-2 — An Environmental History of India Michael H. Fisher Index More Information 284 Index Asian Development Bank, 213, 218, 239, genetically modified crops, 228 241, 242, 255 geography, 15, 168 ass, wild, 208 Green Revolution, 240 Assam, 109, 129, 147, 161, 181. See also hazardous waste, 250–52 India, Republic of independence war, 190, 194, 195, Assam Railway Company, 133. See also 196, 199 railways India, relations, 168, 220, 246 astronomy, 67, 79, 119 international agreements, 209–10, 222, Atlantic Ocean, 91 246, 253 Atman (self), 55 Islam, 83, 242, 245 aubergine, 228 joint forest management, 209, 239 Aurangzeb ʿAlamgir, Emperor, 102, monsoons, 20 107–13 natural gas, 240, 243, 246 Australia, 13, 24, 201 NGOs, 218, 239, 244 automobiles, 208, 243 nuclear power, 246, 254 Awadh, 117, 119, 134 pesticides, 240 Awami League, 194, 217, 220, 221, 240, petroleum, 243, 246 244–47, 254 pollution, 245, 246 axes, 85 poverty, 9, 245, 246–47 Ayurveda (health knowledge), 67–68 Rohingyas, 246 Azad Kashmir, 165–66, 173, 235. See also ship-breaking, 250–52 Kashmir; Pakistan social forestry, 201 ʿAzam, Prince, 109, 112 Stockholm Conference, 195 Supreme Court, 204, 221, 243 Babur, Emperor, 88, 94–96 urbanization, 220, 246, 249–50 Baghdad, 81, 87. See also Iraq water, 168, 242–43, 245 Baglihar Dam, 186. See also India, Republic wildlife sanctuaries, 240, 246 of, dams Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Bahadur Shah I, Emperor, 113 Association, 221. See also Bangladesh, Bahadur Shah II, Emperor, 134 Supreme Court Bahmani sultans, 88 Bangladesh National Party, 219, 220, 221, Bahrain, 39. See also Persian Gulf 239–44, 245 Balochistan, 16, 41, 64, 95, 165, 173, 213, barley, 15, 33, 39, 62 235, 237. See also Pakistan bauxite, 229 Baltistan, 173. See also Pakistan Bay of Bengal, 16, 20, 21, 217, 246 bamboo, 67, 72, 80 bears, 57, 58 banana trees, 95 Beas River, 181, 183, 184, 186 Bangla language, 196, 217, 219, 246. See beer, 33 also Bangladesh; Bengal begar (unpaid labor), 146, 160 Bangladesh, 3, 85, 125, 193, 216–21, Benares, 119, 122, 151 239–55. See also Bengal Bengal, 21, 106, 124, 132, 136, 180. See Army, 219–20, 243–44 also Bangladesh; India, Republic of; arsenic, 16, 242–43 Pakistan, East climate change, 223, 244, 246, 253–55 Army. See East India Company, armies coal, 246, 254 Bay of, 16, 20, 21, 217, 246 Constitution, 217, 218, 245 British colonial, 120–23, 124, 132 cyclones, 171, 217, 220, 221, 244 canals, 85, 147–50, 151 deforestation, 219, 241, 242, 244, 246 cyclones, 21, 61, 171 electricity, 246 famine, 115, 153, 161 environmental legislation, 195, 217, 219, geography, 15, 16, 61, 126–27, 220, 239–44, 252 171 floods, 217, 218, 220, 221, 244 history, 64, 85, 88, 91, 95, 108, 111, forest-dwellers, 219, 239 115, 117 forestry, 201, 209, 239–40 monsoons, 11, 20, 171 gender, 242–43, 246–47 partition (1905–11), 157–58 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11162-2 — An Environmental History of India Michael H. Fisher Index More Information Index 285 partition (1947), 163, 165, 168, Bombay Natural History Society, 147, 170–71, 176 182, 204 partition (1971), 194 Bonn, Germany, 134, 145 West, 199, 208 Borlaug, Norman, 188–89, 191 Bentinck, William, 129 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 155, 161 Berar, 88 botany, 13, 24, 39, 79, 147 Beringia, 22 British colonial, 116, 123, 126, 127, 131, bewar. See swidden 132, 134 Bhagavad Gita, 56. See also Mahabharata bows, 67 Bhagirathi River, 201–2 BRAC. See also Bangladesh, NGOs Bhakra-Nangal Dam, 184–85. See also Brahmani River, 148 dams, India, Republic of Brahmaputra River, 11, 15–16, 17, 166, bhakti (devotionalism), 56, 68, 83 168, 187 Bharat, 56–57 Brahmins, 54, 58, 67, 75, 90, 125. See also Bharatiya Janata Party, 47–48, 226–28, Hinduism; Sanskritization; varna; Veda 229–30, 254 Hinduism, in, 60, 63, 64, 66, 68, Bharatpur, 147, 198 69–71, 128 Bhopal, 205 literature, 56, 68 Bhutan, 136, 163, 176 priests, 42, 45, 53, 59, 60, 74, 110 Bhutto, Benazir, 212, 214–15, 230–32, 236 sacrifices, 65, 100 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 210–12, 215 South India, 73–75 Bidar, 88 Brahui. See also Dravidian; Balochistan Bihar, 59, 108, 121–22, 134, 148, 180. Brandis, Dietrich, 134, 143–47 See also Magadha; India, Republic of Brazil, 91 Bijapur, 88, 91 breadfruit trees, 126 bin-Laden, Osama, 237 bridges, 142, 143 biodiversity, 20, 201, 202, 227 Britain, 136, 154, 187 conservation, 27, 73, 202, 207, 210, 227, Parliament, 123, 129, 134, 135, 234, 241, 242, 245 137 international agreements, 224, 230, British Raj, 120, 135–53, 156–62 239 Agriculture Department, 146 biofuel, 254 Army, 132. See also sepoys biological sciences, 2, 79, 93 canals, 136, 137, 140–41, 147–51, 152, biomass fuel, 207. See also woodfuel 156, 161 biopiracy, 227 capitalist financing, 140–41, 147–49, 156 bioprospecting, 227 coal, 143 biosphere, 203, 224 cyclones, 138, 161 birds, 27, 46, 57, 58, 68, 69, 72, 147. electricity, 135, 156, 157 See also by species famines, 138, 141, 150, 152–53, 161 India, Republic of, 105, 147 forest-dwellers, 30, 128, 136, 145, 146, Mughal period, 95, 97, 103 159–60, 161, 167 Bishnoi, 4, 119. See also Hinduism forestry, 129, 133, 134, 137, 139, blackbuck, 51, 119. See also antelope 143–47, 152, 157, 158–61 blue pine, 143, 157 Indian Civil Service, 137, 150, 168, 211 Bodhi tree, 59. See also Buddhism Indian Medical Service, 159 Bolan Pass, 16, 33, 83 municipal government, 151–52 Bombay, 112, 114, 120, 141, 143, 151, New Delhi, 83 152, 156, 157. See also Mumbai princes under, 136, 141, 146, 147, Army, 133. See also East India Company, 157, 167 armies Public Works Department, 133, 141, Botanical Garden, 131 149, 150, 152 Forest Department, 123, 132, 143–47 railways, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139–43, Public Works Department, 132 149, 152–53, 156 railways, 132 Revenue Department, 145, 146, 150 shipbuilding, 122, 128, 130 Scheduled Tribes, 30 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11162-2 — An Environmental History of India Michael H. Fisher Index More Information 286 Index British Raj (cont.) cattle, 15, 28, 31, 82. See also by specific wildlife, 138, 160 species; pastoralism bronze, 36, 43 British colonial, 123, 138, 146 Brundtland Report, 209 Mughal, 97, 99 Bt-brinjal, 228 Vedic, 42–43, 44, 45, 55 Bt-cotton, 227–28 cedars, 138 bubonic plague, 103, 159 census, 136 Buchanan, Francis, 126 Central Asia, 16, 78–80 Buddhism, 50–51, 59–60, 63, 64–66, 67, immigration from, 71, 82–83, 86, 88, 93, 74, 75, 154, 171 95–96, 97 buffalo, 57 trade with, 16, 39, 65, Bukka Yadava, King, 89 86 bulls, 33, 38, 42, 55, 99, 118, 119, 121. Centre for Science and Environment, See also cattle 203, 250 Bundelkhund, 133 Chandigarh, 179 Burma, 15, 26, 109, 134, 136, 161, 246. Chandragupta, Emperor, 60–66. See also See also South Asia, defined Jainism; Mauryan Empire charcoal, 118, 129 cactus, 72 Charles II, King, 114 Calcutta, 114, 120–23, 129, 132, 141, 143, Charter of Indian Forestry, 134.