ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY UHF RF POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR SMALL SATELLITES M.Sc. THESIS Mehmet DUMAN Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Electronics Engineering Program Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim JUNE 2013 Programı : Herhangi Program ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY UHF RF POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR SMALL SATELLITES M.Sc. THESIS Mehmet DUMAN (504111208) Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Electronics Engineering Program Thesis Advisor: Dr. H. Bülent YAĞCI Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim JUNE 2013 Programı : Herhangi Program ĠSTANBUL TEKNĠK ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ KÜÇÜK BOYUTTA UYDULAR ĠÇĠN UHF BANDINDA ÇALIġAN RF GÜÇ KUVVETLENDĠRĠCĠ TASARIMI VE GERÇEKLENMESĠ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Mehmet DUMAN (504111208) Elektronik HaberleĢme Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Elektronik Mühendisliği Programı Tez DanıĢmanı: Dr. H. Bülent YAĞCI HAZĠRAN 2013 Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program Mehmet DUMAN, a M.Sc. Student of ITU Institute of Science and Technology/Graduate School of Istanbul Technical University student ID 504111208, successfully defended the thesis entitled “UHF RF Power Amplifier Design and Implementation for Small Satellites”, which he prepared after fulfilling the requirements specified in the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures are below. Thesis Advisor : Öğr. Gör. Dr. H. Bülent YAĞCI .......................... Istanbul Technical University Jury Members : Prof. Dr. Osman Nuri UÇAN .......................... Istanbul Aydın University Doç. Dr. Sıddıka Berna Örs YALÇIN........................... Istanbul Technical University Date of Submission : 02 May 2013 Date of Defense : 04 June 2013 v vi To my family, vii viii FOREWORD I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. H. Bülent Yağcı. His life counsel, continuous support, encouragement help and patience have always been highly appreciated. I also sincerely thank him for expert technical guidance, for giving me the occasion to increase my scientific competences and assistance in every aspects of this thesis. I am also thankful to Prof. Osman Palamutçuoğulları and Prof. Sıddık Yarman for their technical help. I also greatly appreciate Ramazan Köprü for his guidance during my study. I would like to express my thanks to Osman Ceylan, Okan Emre Özen and all of colleagues from Istanbul Technical University Radio Frequency Laboratory for providing me the opportunity to work there for my study. My personal thanks are for Murat Kuş, Ümit Kaçar and Necdet Alpmen for their contributions to this thesis in almost every possible way. I would like to thank The Council of Higher Education for their financial and material support. Finally, sincere thanks go to my dear mother İşadiye Duman, my father Mustafa Duman, my sister Kader Duman and my wife M.Sc. Merve Güney Duman for their everlasting love, invaluable support, encouragement, motivation, understanding and contributions to this study. June 2013 Mehmet DUMAN Electronics Engineer ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. xv LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................................................................. xvii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xxi SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ xxv ÖZET ..................................................................................................................... xxvii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. POWER AMPLIFIER BASICS ........................................................................... 5 2.1 Power Amplifier Performance Parameters ......................................................... 6 2.1.1 Gain ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Output power ............................................................................................. 9 2.1.3 Efficiency .................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Linearity .................................................................................................. 11 2.1.5 Stability ................................................................................................... 14 2.1.6 DC supply voltage ................................................................................... 16 2.1.7 Ruggedness.............................................................................................. 17 2.1.8 Error vector magnitude............................................................................ 17 2.1.9 Adjacent channel power ratio .................................................................. 18 2.1.10 Distortion ................................................................................................. 19 2.2 S Parameters ..................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Types of S parameters ............................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Reciprocity ................................................................................................ 26 2.2.3 Lossless and lossy networks ..................................................................... 26 2.2.4 Insertion loss ............................................................................................. 27 2.2.5 Input return loss ........................................................................................ 27 2.2.6 Output return loss ...................................................................................... 28 xi 2.2.7 Reverse gain and reverse isolation ............................................................ 29 2.2.8 Reflection coefficient ................................................................................ 30 2.2.9 Standing wave ratio ................................................................................... 31 2.2.10 S parameters values for RF power amplifier of the thesis ...................... 32 2.3 Classes of Power Amplifiers ............................................................................. 33 2.3.1 Class A power amplifier .......................................................................... 34 2.3.2 Class B power amplifier .......................................................................... 41 2.3.3 Class AB power amplifier ....................................................................... 43 2.3.4 Class C power amplifier .......................................................................... 45 2.3.5 Class D power amplifier .......................................................................... 47 2.3.6 Class E power amplifier .......................................................................... 48 2.3.7 Class F power amplifier .......................................................................... 49 2.3.8 Class G power amplifier .......................................................................... 49 2.3.9 Class H power amplifier .......................................................................... 50 2.3.10 Class J power amplifier ........................................................................... 50 2.3.11 Class S power amplifier .......................................................................... 50 2.4 Amplifier Design Fundamentals ....................................................................... 50 2.4.1 The bias point .......................................................................................... 51 2.4.2 Impedance matching ................................................................................ 54 3 . EXPERIMENTAL ............................................................................................ 57 3.1 Materials ........................................................................................................... 57 3.1.1 Capacitances ............................................................................................ 57 3.1.2 Inductances .............................................................................................. 58 3.1.3 RF choke .................................................................................................. 58 3.1.4 Transmission line .................................................................................... 58 3.1.5 Transistor ................................................................................................. 60 3.1.6 Resistors .................................................................................................. 61 3.1.7 Voltage source ......................................................................................... 61 3.1.8 FR4 PCB .................................................................................................