INITIATION-OF-CONTACT RULES UNDER THE FIFTH AMENDMENT By John R. Wasberg Former Senior Counsel (Retired) Washington State Attorney General’s Office Materials current through July 1, 2020 Updated annually: No substantive changes of significance have been made to the July 1, 2019 version TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 II. THERE IS NO SIXTH AMENDMENT INITIATION-OF-CONTACT BAR ....................1 III. FIFTH AMENDMENT INITIATION OF CONTACT RULE .............................................3 A. TWO RULES: RIGHT TO SILENCE AND RIGHT TO COUNSEL ..........................3 B. MICHIGAN v. MOSLEY -- ASSERTION OF RIGHT TO SILENCE ..........................3 1. Michigan v. Mosley Decision .................................................................................3 2. Ambiguous Assertions ...........................................................................................5 3. Initiation Of Contact By The Suspect ..................................................................12 4. Questioning Re New Crimes Or After Meaningful Break In Custody ................12 C. EDWARDS v. ARIZONA -- ASSERTION OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL ......................13 1. The Edwards And Roberson Decisions ................................................................13 2. Ambiguous Assertions .........................................................................................14 3. Initiation Of Contact By The Suspect Lifts Bar ...................................................15 4. Non-Custodial, Non-Interrogation Situations Not Covered; Attempts By Third Persons To Assert Rights On Suspect's Behalf Do Not Count ...................15 5. New Crimes May Or May Not Be Covered .........................................................17 6. Break In Custody Of At Least 14 Days Lifts Bar ................................................18 7. Consultation With Counsel Does Not Lift Bar ....................................................19 IV. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE BASED ON INITIATION VIOLATIONS ......................20 V. PAM LOGINSKY'S GUIDE ..............................................................................................20 VI. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................20 Page i Current through July 1, 2020 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Alston v. Redman, 34 F.3d 1237 (3d Cir. 1994) ....................................................................................................... 15 Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675 (1988) ........................................................................................... 13, 14, 16, 18, 20 Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250 (2010) ......................................................................................... 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 Bobby v. Dixon, 132 S. Ct. 26 (2011) ..................................................................................................................15 Charles v. Smith, 894 F.2d 718 (5th Cir. 1990) ........................................................................................................ 4 Davis v. U.S., 512 U.S. 452 (1994) ...................................................................................................... 8, 9, 10,15 Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981) ................................................................................. 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20 Fellers v. U.S., 124 S. Ct. 1019 (2004) ................................................................................................................ 2 Grounds v. Sessoms, 133 S. Ct. 2886 (2013) .............................................................................................................. 14 Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971) .................................................................................................................. 20 In re Personal Restraint Petition of Cross, 180 Wn.2d 664 (2014) ................................................................................................................ 5 Jacobs v. Singletary, 952 F.2d 1282 (11th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................... 4 Maryland v. Shatzer, 130 S. Ct. 1213 (2010) ............................................................................................ 13, 17, 18, 19 McNeil v. Wisconsin, 115 L.Ed.2d 158 (1991) ............................................................................................................. 15 Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625 (1986) ................................................................................................................. 1-2 Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96 (1975) ............................................................................. 3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20 Page ii Current through July 1, 2020 Minnick v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 146 (1990) ................................................................................................................... 19 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) ........................................ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20 Montejo v. Louisiana, 129 S. Ct. 2079 (2009) ............................................................................................................. 1-2 North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369 (1979) ................................................................................................................... 10 Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039 (1983) ................................................................................................................. 15 Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985) ..................................................................................................................... 9 Patterson v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285 (1988) .................................................................................................................... 2 People v. Warner, 250 Cal. Rptr. 462, 203 Cal. App. 3d 1122 (1988) ....................................................................... 4 Salinas v. Texas, 537 U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2174 (June 17, 2013) ........................................................................ 14 Sessoms v. Runnels, 776 F.3d 615 (9th Cir. (2015) (other decisions in this case cited only in body of article) ............. 14 Smith v. Illinois, 469 U.S. 91 (1984) ................................................................................................................. 5, 14 State v. Bradford, 95 Wn. App. 935 (Div. III, 1999) ............................................................................................... 16 State v. Brown and State v. Duke, 158 Wn. App. 49 (Div. III, 2010) ................................................................................................. 4 State v. Corn, 95 Wn. App. 41 (Div. III, 1999) ................................................................................................. 16 State v. Earls, 116 Wn.2d 364 (1991) .................................................................................................... 1, 11, 16 State v. Elkins, 188 Wn. App. 386 (Div. III, June 15, 2015) ........................................................................ 4, 15 State v. Gasteazoro-Panigua,, 173 Wn. App. 751 (Div. II, 2013) .............................................................................................. 14 State v. Greer, 62 Wn. App. 779 (Div. I, 1991) ................................................................................................. 16 Page iii Current through July 1, 2020 State v. Hodges, 118 Wn. App. 668 (Div. I, 2003) ..................................................................................................... 5 State v. I.B., 187 Wn. App. 315 (Div. III, 2015) ............................................................................................... 5 State v. Kirkpatrick, 89 Wn. App. 407 (Div. II, 1998) ................................................................................................ 16 State v. McReynolds, 104 Wn. App. 560 (Div. III, 2001) ............................................................................................. 15 State v. Medlock, 86 Wn. App. 89 (Div. III, 1997) ........................................................................................... 1, 11 State v. Nicholson, 77 Wn.2d 415 (1969) .................................................................................................................. 3 State v. Nysta 168 Wn. App. 30 (Div. I, 2012) ................................................................................................14 State v. Piatnitsky, 180 Wn.2d 407 (2014) ................................................................................................................. 5 State v. Pierce, 169 Wn App. 533 (Div. II, 2012) ............................................................................................17 State v. Radcliffe, 164 Wn.2d 900 (2008) ................................................................................................ 1, 8, 11, 14 State v. Stackhouse, 90 Wn. App. 344 (Div. III, 1998) ............................................................................................... 15 State v. Stewart, 113 Wn.2d 462 (1989) ............................................................................................................... 15 State v. Trochez-Jimenez, 180