Electronic Version 2005 Checklist of the Cerambycidae, of the Western Hemisphere Oreodera olivaceotincta Tippman, male Miguel A. Monné Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Quina da Boa Vista, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Frank T. Hovore 14734 Sundance Place Santa Clarita, CA, USA, 91387-1542 2005 2 Electronic Checklist of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere 2005 Version (updated through 01 January 2006) Miguel A. Monné & Frank T. Hovore, Compilers Introduction The Cerambycidae, commonly known as longhorned beetles, longicorns, capricorns, round-headed borers, timber beetles, goat beetles (bock-käfern), or sawyer beetles, comprise one of the largest and most varied families of Coleoptera, with body length alone varying from ± 2.5 mm (Cyrtinus sp.) to slightly over 17 cm (Titanus giganteus). Distributed world-wide from sea level to montane sites as high as 4,200 m elevation wherever their host plants are found, cerambycids have long been a favorite with collectors. Taxonomic interest in the family has been fairly consistent for the past century, but the description of new taxa has accelerated in recent decades thanks to the efforts of Chemsak, Linsley, Giesbert, Martins, Monné, Galileo, Napp, and other workers. This checklist builds upon the efforts of Blackwelder (1946), Chemsak & Linsley (1982), Chemsak, Linsley & Noguera (1992), and Monné & Giesbert (1994), and presently includes nearly 9,000 described species and subspecies, covering the terrestrial hemisphere from Canada and Alaska to Argentina and Chile, and including the Caribbean arc. Adult Cerambycidae, upon which most taxonomic studies in the family have been based, vary widely in their habits. Some species are nocturnal, many are attracted to artificial light, and they also may be found at night on the trunks and branches of their host plants, or on foliage. Diurnal species also may be found on or near their host plants, but many species are attracted to blossoms of shrubs and trees, where they may serve as pollinators. Most adult Cerambycidae are capable of strong flight, but there are a number of flightless genera and species. Adult feeding requirements are variable, with some species taking nourishment from sap, leaves, blossoms, fruit, bark, and fungi, often not associated with a larval host, while others take little or no nourishment beyond water. The well-developed antennae which are one of the defining characteristics of the family serve as primary olfactory organs, and are remarkably sensitive in locating suitable host plants for oviposition, often at great distances. Male cerambycid antennae usually are longer than those of the females, and may be used to find reproductive partners by tracking the pheromones produced by the females. Recent investigations of sensory pits and poriferous patches suggest that some genera and species also have developed chemical sensory systems on the thorax. Methods used to collect adult Cerambycidae include: sweeping or beating branches and foliage; attracting them to UV and MV lights, and to various types of chemical baits; and hand- picking specimens from host plants or from blossoms. More recently, fumigation (“fogging”) methods have been employed to survey canopy insect faunas, often yielding astounding numbers of longhorned beetles. Passive traps such as malaise, flight intercept, and even pitfalls also may be used, and are particularly effective over longer periods of time. Rearing adults from infested wood can be productive of series of both sexes of otherwise rarely encountered species. 3 Larval Cerambycidae also display a variety of habits. Most species feed within dead, dying or even decaying wood, but some taxa are able to utilize living plant tissue. Girdlers (adults of the Onciderini, larvae of genera in the tribes Methiini, Hesperophanini and Elaphidiini) sever living branches or twigs, with the larvae developing within the nutrient-rich distal portion. The larvae of a few species move freely through the soil, feeding externally upon roots or tunneling up under the root crown. Digestion of cellulose appears to be aided primarily by the presence of enzymes rather than symbiotic microorganisms. In many cases, Cerambycidae are primary borers in woody plants, providing a vital "first step" in the biological recycling of these materials. Larval feeding habits typically result in frass-filled galleries or tunnels under the bark or within the sapwood of the host plant, terminating in a pupal chamber, wherein the metamorphosis from last-instar larva to pupa to adult takes place. The life spans of most species in temperate regions typically range from one to three years, but many variations exist, and cycles of from two or three months to several decades have been documented. Tropical species may be less constrained seasonally, and some populations of smaller genera literally may breed continuously, with all stages being found on and in the same pieces of wood. Most of the overall lifetime is spent in the larval stage, with adult beetles usually emerging, dispersing, reproducing, and dying within a span of but a few days to a few months. Several species of cerambycid beetles are known to damage living trees, and may seriously affect orchards and ornamental trees; others may damage coniferous or hardwood lumber, and a few taxa can damage row crops. The majority of species, however occur within uncultivated or forested habitats, and while they are of great ecological importance within these natural ecosystems, they are of little human economic significance. Because of their close evolutionary linkage to their host plants, cerambycid beetles may be valuable bio-indicators of forest health and diversity, with differing suites of species found within primary forest habitats than those which occur within disturbed areas or secondary growth. Checklist order Subfamilies are arranged in traditional checklist order, although Napp (1994) has provided a phylogenetic analysis which suggests the following sequence: Anoplodermatinae, Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylidinae, Lepturinae, Aseminae, Cerambycinae, Lamiinae. Tribal classifications within the subfamilies have not been evaluated phylogenetically, so their ordering is alphabetical. It is acknowledged that this results in the artificial separation of similar-appearing (and undoubtedly closely related) taxa (i.e., Anaglyptini – Clytini – Tillomorphini; Acanthocinini – Colobotheiini; Bothriospilini – Torneutini), and the breakup of the lamiine tribes with bifid tarsal claws. However, the functional value of a checklist is as an organizing reference tool, and for that reason-- and until such time as a tribal phylogeny has been determined-- the ordering is arranged for ease of use. Genera and species also are listed alphabetically. Citation of author, year and page number follows each taxon name, with synonymies cited in italics. Geographical distributions listed reflect the present knowledge of the authors and previous published data, and are subject to expansion as new information is contributed. An effort has been made to verify all contributed records, but the possibility exists that some erroneous identifications have led to 4 incorrect distributional parameters for some species. These are corrected as we become aware of them. State or other provincial citations have been used where known for some larger countries to more accurately indicate known ranges. For more complete references by species, the authors refer the reader to Monné, 1993, et seq., Catalogue of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere (Parts 1 - 22), and Monné, 2005 (Part I, Part II). A bibliography of systematic and distributional references is provided at the end of the checklist. The status of the disteniine longhorns has been the subject of considerable debate, and at various times they have been treated as a separate family, the Disteniidae. The issue remains open to debate, and for the purposes of this list we have employed the taxonomic placement of Lawrence & Newton, 1995, as a cerambycid subfamily, Disteniinae. Geographical abbreviations used in the list: Argentina BA = Buenos Aires; CA = Catamarca; CD = Córdoba; CH = Chaco; CO = Corrientes; CT = Chubut; ER = Entre Ríos; FO = Formosa; JU = Jujuy; LP = La Pampa; LR = La Rioja; ME = Mendoza; MI = Misiones; NE = Neuquén; RN = Río Negro; SA = Salta; SC = Santa Cruz; SE = Santiago del Estero; SF = Santa Fe; SJ = San Juan; SL = San Luis; TU = Tucumán. Brazil (Brasil) AC = Acre; AL = Alagôas; AM= Amazonas; AP = Amapá; BA = Bahia; CE = Ceará; ES = Espírito Santo; GO = Goiás; MA = Maranhão; MG = Minas Gerais; MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; MT = Mato Grosso; PA = Pará; PB = Paraíba; PE = Pernambuco; PI = Piauí; PR = Paraná; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; RN = Rio Grande do Norte; RO = Rondônia; RS = Rio Grande do Sul; SC = Santa Catarina; SE = Sergipe; SP = São Paulo; TO = Tocantins. Ecuador eEcuador = the Amazonian provinces, principally Napo, Orellana, Pastaza and Sucumbios, east of the Andes; wEcuador = the coastal slope of the Andes below ± 2,000m. Species which exhibit trans-Andean or interior Andean distributions (including Loja Province), either occurring on both slopes, or generally distributed within the central plateau above about ±2,000m, are given no geographical annotation beyond the country name. Mexico AG = Aguascalientes; CA = Campeche; CHA = Chihuahua; CHS = Chiapas; CM = Colima; CO = Coahuila; DF = Distrito Federal; DU = Durango; GR = Guerrero; GU = Guanajuato; HI = Hidalgo; JA = Jalisco; ME = México; MI = Michoacán; MO =