June 2006 Contents Pain Volume 6, Issue 3 Policies & Perspectives 1 I New MOU between NIH, USDA, and FDA A report Distress& from the Pain & Distress Noteworthy 1–2 Campaign of The I Gene Chip Reduces Animal Use Report Humane Society of the United States I What Fish Feel Statistics on Animal Use & Pain & Distress 2 Policies I British Animal Use Perspectives& Statistics for 2004 I Canadian Animal Use NEW MOU BETWEEN produced by a specific animal in reaction Statistics for 2004 NIH, USDA, AND FDA to an illness, as opposed to using many animals to study each gene separately. Recent Publications 2 he National Institutes of Health The gene chip is a thumb-sized microarray (NIH), U.S. Department of From the Technical T composed of a quartz chip with molecular Literature 2–3 Agriculture (USDA), and Food and Drug probes bonded with fluorescently labeled Administration (FDA) recently released DNA or RNA samples from various I Enrichment Strategies a new Memorandum of Understanding tissues, revealing gene patterns. For more for Laboratory Animals (MOU) designed to enhance agency information go to http://app1.unmc.edu/ I Effects of Individual Housing effectiveness and avoid duplication of publicaffairs/todaysite/sitefiles/today_full. on Behavior in Mice efforts in achieving required standards cfm?match=2482. for the care and use of laboratory Upcoming animals. The agencies agree to share Conferences 3 information (particularly in regard to WHAT FISH FEEL animal welfare concerns and institutional Resources esearchers at the University of & Services 3–4 noncompliance) and to consult and RGuelph in Canada studying highly coordinate on policy changes involving domesticated rainbow trout found that I Carbon Dioxide Article animal care and use, among other issues. fish behavior is more complex than Available Online Updated every five years, the new MOU previously acknowledged. The fish’s I Proceedings of Workshop no longer says that adherence to the suffering capacity is compared to that on Cloning Now Available policies and regulations of the agencies of “higher” vertebrate animals, who are is achieved through voluntary I Alternative for Veterinary considered sentient and have the ability compliance. A new section addresses Student Training to subjectively and consciously experience procedures for Freedom of Information things. The fish were trained to swim I New Guide for Exercise Act (FOIA) requests. The new MOU can away from an aversive stimulus and to Protocol Design be found at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/ press a lever to obtain a reward. The I ECVAM: Call for olaw/references/finalmou.htm. purpose of the experiment was to study Expression of Interest the phenomenon of fear and determine I AWEN Pain and Distress Noteworthy which of the fish’s responses to negative Conference Proceedings stimuli were reflexive and which were GENE CHIP REDUCES deliberate. The results indicate that trout have a cognitive capacity comparable to Helpful Websites 4 ANIMAL USE that of mammalian laboratory animals new gene chip created by researchers such as rats, and they have the ability to Pain & Distress Report is Aat the University of Nebraska learn, remember what they have learned, available online at Medical Center allows researchers to and anticipate events to adjust their www.hsus.org/pain_distress_report. view all 20,000 genes of a rhesus monkey behavior accordingly. These “purposeful” at once, as opposed to one at a time. behaviors are potential evidence of Researchers can readily study all proteins “conscious” behavior. When frightened, continues on page 2 www.hsus.org continued from page 1 Noteworthy trout follow behavioral patterns similar to CANADIAN ANIMAL USE specifically for dogs and cats. The authors those of sentient beings like mice. While STATISTICS FOR 2004 note that quality of experimental data these findings suggest consciousness in is likely to be enhanced when cats are fish, their level of consciousness remains he Canadian Council on Animal housed in enriched environments that to be determined so that guidelines TCare (CCAC) has released its annual meet their behavioral, social, and physical tailored to the specific needs of report of animal use statistics for 2004. needs. They also note that all dogs should fish can eventually be developed. The number of animals used in scientific receive some kind of mental stimulation (Source: www.awionline.org/pubs/ procedures for research, testing, and and behavioral enrichment. Summaries Quarterly/05_54_04/05_54_4p19.htm) education in Canada totaled 2,307,232, of recommendations for enrichment in a 7% decline from 2003. Similar to dogs and cats are provided. The authors Statistics on previous years, the four main types of conclude that enrichment reduces struggles animals used in 2004 were mice, rats, with research animals, reduces worker Animal Use fish, and domestic birds. These animals hours, enhances worker satisfaction, Pain & Distress& accounted for 89% of the total number of prevents job burnout, and produces animals used. The most severe “categories higher quality data. BRITISH ANIMAL USE of invasiveness” in the Canadian system STATISTICS FOR 2004 are categories D (experiments that cause moderate to severe distress or discomfort) tatistics of Scientific Procedures on Recent and E (experiments that cause severe pain Living Animals: Great Britain 2004 S to unanesthetized, conscious animals). Publications was recently released by The British Categories D and E, respectively, Ceyhan, A., Ustun, H., Home Office. The total number of accounted for 775,144 animals (34%) Altunatmaz, K., Ide, T., & Unal, animals used during 2004 was 2,778,692, and 102,333 animals (4.4%), both slightly N. (2005). Is metoclopramide an increase of 2% since 2003. In 2004, up from 2003. The CCAC attributes the an alternative to tramadol in 60% of procedures were performed greater number of animals in category management of post-operative with no anesthesia, 20% with general D than category B (experiments that pain? An experimental study. anesthesia with recovery, 11% with local cause little or no discomfort or stress) Journal of Veterinary Medicine anesthesia, 6% with general anesthesia at to an increase in the use of genetically Series A: Physiology, Pathology, end of procedure without recovery, and engineered animals. No nonhuman Clinical Medicine, 52(5): 249–253. 3% with general anesthesia throughout primates, dogs, or cats were used without recovery. Mice, rats, and other Mason, G., Wilson, D., Hampton, in category E procedures. To view rodents comprised approximately 86% C., Würbel, H. (2004). Non- the results in their entirety, visit of the animals used, followed by fish invasively assessing disturbance www.ccac.ca/en/Publications/ (7%); birds (4%); large mammals and stress in laboratory rats by New_Facts_Figures/intro.htm. such as sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, and scoring chromodacryorrhoea. ungulates (1.4%); rabbits (0.53%); Alternatives to Laboratory amphibians (0.39%); dogs (0.20%); From the Animals, 32(Suppl. 1): 153–159. primates (0.19%); and cats (0.02%). Technical Möllenhoff, A., Nolte, I., From 2003, the use of fish, dogs, and Literature & Kramer, S. (2005). Anti- rodents increased by 11%, 9.5%, and nociceptive efficacy of carprofen, 3%, respectively, while the use of reptiles ENRICHMENT STRATEGIES levomethadone and buprenorphine decreased by 95%, cattle by 63%, FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS for pain relief in cats following primates by 15%, birds by 14%, and major orthopaedic surgery. Journal rabbits by 13.5%. Approximately n a recent article, Overall and Dyer of Veterinary Medicine Series A: 31% of procedures were related to I(2005, ILAR Journal, 46: 202–215) Physiology, Pathology, Clinical fundamental biological research, 29% to stress the need for understanding normal Medicine, 52(4): 186–198. applied research (including human and animal behavior in order to properly address enrichment in all research animals, Phillips, B., Smith, D., Combes, veterinary pharmaceutical development R., Descotes, G., Jacobsen, S. D., and testing), 34% to breeding, and 4% regardless of whether they are housed in a laboratory. They also address training staff Hack, R., Kemkowski, J., Krauser, to “protection of man, animals, or the K., Pfister, R., Rabemampianina, environment.” Thirty-two percent of all to assess behavior changes that might be due to research constraints. The authors Y., Sparrow, S., Stephan-Gueldner, procedures involved genetically modified M., & von Landenberg, F. (2004). discuss normal behavior, the effects of animals. The full text of this report can An approach to minimise dog environmental and behavioral stress, be found at www.official-documents.co. use in regulatory toxicology: environmental conditions, species-specific uk/document/cm67/6713/6713.pdf. Production of a best practice guide behavior, feeding, housing, training and to study design. Alternatives to handling, novelties and other manipulanda, Laboratory Animals, 32: 447–451. and socialization and stimulation, 2 PAIN & DISTRESS REPORT THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL Resources HOUSING ON BEHAVIOR Services& Upcoming IN MICE Conferences õikar et al. (2005, Genes, Brain and CARBON DIOXIDE ARTICLE VBehavior, 4: 240–252) investigated AVAILABLE ONLINE the effects of individual housing on “ arbon dioxide for euthanasia: Concerns 25th ACLAM Forum: mouse behavior in C57BL/6J and DBA/2 Cregarding pain and distress, with New Frontiers in strains. Fifteen mice were housed singly, special reference to mice and rats” Education