APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY OF INVaSIONS OF CUBa, 1812–1850 Number and date López Expedition Nationality 1. 1812 December Barlovente French corsairs 2. 1813 Havana waters Corsairs 3. 1814 July Eastern Coast American corsairs 4. 1814 16 August Santiago de Cuba French corsairs 5. 1816 Puerto Pre. (Santiago?) French? corsairs 6. 1816 18 January Trinidad Cartagena insurgents 7. 1816 7 June Santiago de Cuba Pirates 8. 1816 30 Matanzas Cartagena insurgents September 9. 1817 23 January Mariel Corsairs 10. 1817 7 February Cabo Cruz Corsairs 11. 1817 7 February Havana—cabotage Corsairs 12. 1817 20 February Santiago de Cuba Argentine corsairs (Taylor) 13. 1817 29 March Guantánamo Argentine corsairs (Taylor) 14. 1817 April Punta de Hicacos French? corsairs 15. 1817 16 June Cape San Antonio Cartagena insurgents 16. 1818 June Baracoa Corsairs 17. 1819 8 October Manzanillo Venezuelan corsairs 18. 1819 10 December Manzanillo Venezuelan corsairs 19. 1822 27 April Pinar del Río Pirates 20. 1822 1 May Gibara Pirates (fought by Alligator) 21. 1822 20 October Cape San Antonio Colombian corsairs 22. 1822 29 October Aguadores (Santiago) Corsairs 23. 1823 31 March Puerto de Mata (Oriente) Pirate or corsair 24. 1823 November Baracoa Venezuelan corsairs 25. 1824 July Matanzas Pirates © The Author(s) 2018 185 B. Gough, C. Borras, The War Against the Pirates, Britain and the World, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31414-7 186 AppendIX A: ChronoLogY of InvasIons of Cuba, 1812–1850 Number and date López Expedition Nationality 26. 1824 August Pinar del Río Pirates (anti-Spanish) 27. 1824 19 August Boca del Morillo/Mulata Pirate 28. 1825 April Matanzas Pirates (anti-Spanish) 29. 1825 19 April Boca de Camarioca Pirates 30. 1825 9 September Barlovento (Santiago) Corsair 31. 1825 East Coast Possible Mexican/Colombian 32. 1826 East Coast, Isle Pines Joint US/English force 33. 1826 May Boca de Guanimar Corsair (Havana) 34. 1826 December Northwest coast Mexican corsairs (Porter) 35. 1827 13 July S. Juan de los Remedios Pirates 36. 1828 1 February Havana Mexican corsairs (Porter) 37. 1828 11 February Havana Mexican corsairs (Porter’s nephew) 38. 1830 19 June Santiago de Cuba Insurgent corsairs 39. 1850 US filibusterers (López) Sources: Compiled by Charles Borras from various sources including José L. Franco, La batalla por el dominio del Caribe y el Golfo de México: Historia de la Revolución de Haití, José L. Franco, Política conti- nental americana de España en Cuba, 1812–1830, Manuel Escalona Jiménez, Cuba: el gran cuartel (1810–1840) APPENDIX B: CHRONOLOGY OF INVaSIONS OF PUERTO RIcO, 1800–1850 Number and date Place Nationality 1. 1800 August Ponce English 2. 1801 26 July Aguadilla English 3. 1801 August Ponce English 4. 1801 October Ponce English 5. 1803 8 August Salinas English 6. 1804 Mayagüez English 7. 1808 7 November Ponce English 8. 1814 25 January Fajardo Corsairs 9. 1814 January Yauco Corsairs 10. 1816 25 January Fajardo Venezuelan 11. 1817 23 January Fajardo Insurgents 12. 1819 Aguadilla Corsairs 13. 1819 18 November Ponce 14. 1819 12 December Humacao Corsairs 15. 1819 20 December Aguadilla Corsairs 16. 1822 July–August Coasts Venezuelans 17. 1823 28 February Ponce Colombians 18. 1823 5 March San Juan US N. (Porter) 19. 1823 19–21 March Mayagüez Colombians 20. 1824 13 November Fajardo US N. (Porter) 21. 1825 March Guayama US N. (Porter) 22. 1825 27 February Aguadilla Venezuelans 23. 1829 Patillas Venezuelans 24. 1837 Coasts Pirates 25. 1850 April Cabo Rojo USA. Source: Héctor Andrés Negroni, Historia Militar de Puerto Rico, 218–20 © The Author(s) 2018 187 B. Gough, C. Borras, The War Against the Pirates, Britain and the World, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31414-7 APPENDIX C: SaILING ORDERS TO COMMODORE PORTER 1 FEBRUaRY 1823 [signed Smith Thompson, Navy Board, Washington. Source, American State Papers, Naval Affairs, Volume 2, 1825, pp. 144–45] “Sir: You have been appointed to the command of a squadron, fitted out under an act of Congress, of the 20th of December last, to cruize in the West India seas, and Gulf of Mexico, for the purpose of repressing piracy and effectual protection to the citizens and commerce of the United States. Your attention will also be extended to the slave trade, according to the provisions of the several acts of Congress on that subject; copies of which, and the instructions heretofore given to our naval commanders thereon, are herewith sent to you. While it is your duty to protect our commerce against all unlawful interruptions, and to guard the rights both of person and property of the citizens of the United States, wherever it shall become necessary, you will observe the utmost caution not to encroach upon the rights of others; and should you, at any time, be brought into discussion or collision with any foreign power, in relation to such rights, it will be expedient and proper that the same should be con- ducted with as much moderation and forbearance as is consistent with the honour of your country, and the just claims of its citizens. Should you, in your cruise, fall in with any foreign naval force engaged in the suppression of piracy, it is desirable that harmony and a good under- standing should be cultivated between you; and you will do every thing on your part, that accords with the honour of the American flag, to promote this object. © The Author(s) 2018 189 B. Gough, C. Borras, The War Against the Pirates, Britain and the World, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31414-7 190 AppendIX C: SaILIng Orders to Commodore Porter 1 FebrUarY 1823 “So soon as the vessels at Norfolk shall be ready for sea, you will pro- ceed to the West Indies, by such route as you shall judge best, for the purpose of effecting the objects of your cruise. You will establish at Thompson’s Island, usually called Key West, a depot, and land the ord- nance, and marines, to protect the stores and provisions; if, however, you shall find any important objection to this place, and a more suitable and convenient one can be found, you are at liberty to select it as a depot. “You will announce your arrival and object to the authorities, civil and military, of the Island of Cuba, and endeavour to obtain, as far as shall be practicable, their co-operation, or at least their favourable and friendly support, giving them the most unequivocal assurance, that your sole object is the destruction of pirates. “The system of piracy which has grown up in the West Indies, has obvi- ously arisen from the war between Spain and the new governments, her late provinces in this hemisphere, and from the limited force in the Islands, and their sparse population, many portions of each being entirely ­uninhabited and desolate, to which the active authority of the Government does not extend. It is understood that establishments have been made by parties of these banditti in those uninhabited parts to which they carry their plunder, and retreat in time of danger. It cannot be presumed that the government of any island will afford any protection or countenance to such robbers. It may, on the contrary, confidently be believed, that all governments, and particularly those most exposed, will afford all means in their power for their suppression. Pirates are considered by the laws of nations, the enemies of the human race. It is the duty of all Nations to put them down; and none who respect their own character or interest will refuse to do it, much less afford them an asylum and protection. The nation that makes the greatest exertions to suppress such banditti has the greatest merit. In making such exertions, it has a right to the aid of every other power to the extent of its means, and to the enjoyment, under its sanction, of all its rights in the pursuit of the object. In the case of bellig- erents, where the army of one party enters the territory of a neutral power, the army of the other has a right to follow it there. “In the case of pirates, the right of the armed force of one power to follow them into the territory of another, is more complete. In regard to pirates, there is no neutral party, they being the enemies of the human race, all nations are parties against them, and may be considered as allies. The object and intention of one government is to respect the feelings, as well as the rights of others, both in substance and in form, in all measures AppendIX C: SaILIng Orders to Commodore Porter 1 FebrUarY 1823 191 which may be adopted to accomplish the end in view. Should, therefore, the crews of any vessels which you have seen engaged in acts of piracy, or which you have just cause to suspect of being of that character, retreat into the ports, harbours, or settled parts of the Islands, you may enter, in pur- suit of them, such ports, harbours, and settled parts of the country for the purpose of aiding the local authorities or people, as the case may be, to seize and bring the offenders to justice, previously giving notice that this is your sole object. Where a government exists and is felt, you will, in all instances, respect the local authorities, and only act in aid of, and co-­ operation with them, it being the exclusive purpose of the government of the United States to suppress piracy, an object in which all nations are equally interested; and, in the accomplishment of which, the Spanish authorities and people, will it is presumed, cordially co-operate with you.