BRISTOL BRANCH OF THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION BRISTOL'S SUGAR TRADE THE UNIVERSITY, BRISTOL AND Price £2.50 1996 REFINING INDUSTRY ISBN O 901388 78 5 ISSN 1362 7759 No. 89 DONALD JONES THE BRISTOL BRANCH OF THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION LOCAL HISTORY PAMPHLETS Hon. General Editor: PETER HARRIS Assistant General Editor: NORMA KNIGHT Editorial Advisor: JOSEPH BETTEY BRISTOL'S SUGAR.TRADE AND REFINING INDUSTRY Bristol's Sugar Trade and Refining Industry is the eighty-ninth pamphlet in the Local History series published by the Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. For 450 years Bristol was deeply concerned with importing raw or The author, Donald Jones, carried out his research in the Society of Merchant Venturers' Archives and in the Public Record Office. Including semi-refined sugar and refining it in sugar house� in the city. It was the some of this material has produced a larger pamphlet than usual and the most important ingredient of the city's prosperity in the eighteenth extra cost has been met by a generous donation from the Society of century. Indeed in the century and a half down to 1820 cane sugar from Merchant Venturers. the Caribbean was the most valuable British import. 1 There were distinct Donald Jones is the author of the seventy-ninth pamphlet in this series, stages in the city's concern with sugar. From 1466 to 1612 refined Captain Woodes Rogers' Voyage Round the World, /708-11. He has sugars were imported from the Portuguese Madeiras and the Spanish recently completed a History of Clifton and Bristol: A Pictorial History. Azores; from 1612 until 1653 mainly Spanish and Portuguese raw sugars The author would like to record his debt to the published and were shipped for refining at St Peter' s Sugar House in Castle Precincts; unpublished life-time's work on sugar refineries of LV. Hall who died in then between 1653 and 1783 semi-refined sugar from the West Indies 1985, the editorial help of David Large and to Brigadier Hugh Pye, was imported on an increasing scale and at one time there were twenty Treasurer of the Society of Merchant Venturers, who facilitated his work there in so many ways. sugar refining houses in the city; from 1783 to 1812 was a period of The publication of a pamphlet by the Bristol Branch of the Historical intense competition with London and Liverpool resulting in some Bristol Association does not necessarily imply the Branch's approval of the sugar firms going bankrupt; 1812-1880 saw a reduction in the number opinions expressed in it. of businesses but increased investment in steam processes and vacuum The Historical Association is a national body which seeks to encourage driers; 1880-1912 witnessed decline and the closure of the last firm in interest in all forms of history. Further details about membership and its 1912. activities can be obtained from the Secretary, The Historical Association, From the mid-fifteenth century Portuguese Madeira sugar, in refined 59A Kennington Park Road, London, SEl 1 4JH. form, regularly reached Bristol, usually via Lisbon. 2 The next phase was inaugurated by Robert Aldworth who was without question Bristol's ISBN O 901388 78 5 © Donald Jones wealthiest merchant at the end of the sixteenth century. Master of the ISSN 1362 7759 Merchant Venturers in 1609, 1612 and 1625 as well as Mayor in 1609, he founded the city's first sugar house. In his earlier days from 1577- 1584 he had been a factor in the Iberian peninsula buying and selling for a number of Bristol merchants which had enabled him to build up Cover Illustration:The Sugar Cane and the Art of Sugar Making. Engraving contacts and eventually to develop his own trading with Spain, Portugal, for the Universal Magazine, for S. Hinton, St Paul's Churchyard, London. B.R.O. AC/WO 16(58) the Madeiras, Canaries and Azores, particularly after 1604, when the lengthy Anglo-Spanish war, which had begun with the 1588 Armada, had been brought to an end. Sugar refining was an offshoot of this trading activity. In 1607 Robert Aldworth bought an old house, then known as Norton's House, for £200. It abutted the chun;:hyard of St Peter's and had gardens sloping down to the river Avon. He pulled it down and rebuilt two thirds of the house and in 1612 acquired the eastern part of the building from the Corporation, for £3 per annum, which he converted into a one pan sugar refinery. This St Peter's sugar house remained the only sugar house in the city until 1654.3 It depended entirely on Portuguese and Spanish supplies of raw sugar.4 Robert Aldworth engaged a works manager and with Giles Elbridge, his nephew-in-law and heir, found the capital to buy the necessary machinery and provide the shipping to bring the unrefined muscovado to Bristol. Apprentices5 were taken to be trained in the skill of sugar refining and when Robert Aldworth died in 163] Giles Elbridge took over the business. This gradually expanded with 21 ships involved in the trade in 1620 rising to 34 in 1637 6 and the amount of imported muscovado also rose, though very erratically, as trade was adversely affected in the 1620s by war first with Spain and then with France. The amounts were still small by comparison with later trading as the Table below, based upon the Bristol Port Books, shows: Table 1: Annual Imports of Sugar into Bristol 1609-1636 7 Year Hogsheads Aldworth' s imports 1609 203 135 1611 2 0 1612 187 162 1613 441 285 1614 18 0 1615 16 0 1621 24 20 1623 539 258 1624 3 0 1625 450 177 1636 247 0 3 2 The Elbridge family fortunes suffered greatly in the Civil War years Table 2: SMV Wharfage Accounts showing Seventeenth Century so that eventually Giles's surviving son Thomas sold the sugar house in Importation of Muscovado and White Sugars into Bristol 1647 to Robert and Thomas Challoner for £1,120 to pay off the debts Year Hogsheads Number of Ships Importers and legacies of his deceased father and elder brother John and then 1654 3,381 17 174 8 migrated to the Pemaquid fishing colony in Maine. 1655 3,365 24 171 By the mid-seventeenth century, with English conquest and expansion 1656 4,827 26 120 1657 3,855 21 150 in the West Indies, new sources of sugar became available from cane 1658 3,980 22 138 plantations in the small islands of St Kitts, Montserrat, Nevis, Antigua 1659 4,275 20 142 and particularly Barbados, which by the 1660s had a population of 1660 3,510 20 132 40,000 and was the largest producer in the trade, although, by the 1720s, 1661 2,723 22 145 1662 4,988 29 it was outstripped by the much larger island of Jamaica which the 211 1663 5,443 28 193 English had captured from the Spaniards in 1655. By the war of 1664 5,534 26 186 American Independence Jamaica had over a hundred sugar estates 1665 6,779 29 270 averaging more than 700 acres each. The average estate had 500 slaves. 1666 7,917 49 30 1 The five dry months from January to May in the West Indies were the 1667 4,071 30 181 1668 7,339 49 444 crucial period for sugar production, cane cutting, grinding, boiling, and 1669 5,493 48 383 beginning the refining process. Each estate had a mill worked by mules, 1670 4,739 38 325 oxen or water-wheels for crushing the cane. Unless the juice of the cane 1671 6,561 46 344 was boiled within twenty minutes of being crushed, fermentation started, 1672 4,994 39 286 turning the juice into molasses which would never crystallise. As there 1673 6,554 46 356 1674 6,852 60 334 was no means of cooling the boiler house, temperatures near the copper 1675 6,312 68 320 ° vats could reach over l 20 F. The crystallising product was allowed to 1676 6,242 58 299 drain into vats and then sealed in hogsheads, puncheons or barrels in the 1677 6,740 57 330 crude state known as 'muscovado' or 'panele' sugar and then shipped 1678 7,281 70 371 1679 9,359 abroad .. Muscovado was contaminated with gluten, lime and caramel and 78 403 1680 5,672 57 284 it was the task of Bristol sugar refiners to expel the impurities and 1681 9,646 65 377 produce various grades of pure white crystalline sugar. 1682 7,097 65 339 The best index of the growth of Bristol's sugar trade in the latter half 1683 8,321 57 341 of the seventeenth century is provided by the Merchant Venturers' 1684 8,393 55 382 1685 7,279 53 413 Wharfage Accounts of which there is an unbroken series from 4 May 1686 7,126 54 368 000 I 654 until 29 September 1694 in twenty volumes containing 4, pages 1687 7,381 55 420 of entries. These Accounts demonstrate the gradual growth in the number 1688 5,411 58 342 of hogsheads of muscovado sugar imported into Bristol, the increase in 1689 7,764 54 348 the shipping which this necessitated, and the amounts brought in by each 1690 3,805 33 275 1691 5,632 45 283 merchant or grocer, as the following tables show. In addition the 1692 7,983 57 365 Wharfage Accounts demonstrate the beginnings of the import of rum and 1693 2,562 26 157 molasses in the seventeenth century.