DISSERTATION WILDLIFE VALUE ORIENTATIONS AMONG DIVERSE AUDIENCES IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST: HELPING STATE WILDLIFE AGENCIES BROADEN THEIR CONSTITUENT BASE Submitted by Loren Chase Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2013 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Tara Teel Co-Advisor: Mike Manfredo Brett Bruyere Randall Boone Copyright by Loren Dean Chase 2013 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT WILDLIFE VALUE ORIENTATIONS AMONG DIVERSE AUDIENCES IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST: HELPING STATE WILDLIFE AGENCIES BROADEN THEIR CONSTITUENT BASE There is growing recognition among wildlife professionals in the United States that although their decisions largely focus on topics biological in nature, the social, political, and economic ramifications of these decisions are considerable as well. As a result, social science is increasingly being included in the wildlife management decision-making process. At the same time, the constituencies that entrust state wildlife management agencies are diversifying, in terms of both their cultural heritage and their wildlife-related interests. To improve the effectiveness of agency efforts aimed at maintaining support from long-established stakeholders while simultaneously embracing emerging publics, there is a need to better understand the characteristics of diverse audiences. Wildlife value orientation (WVOs) theory offers an advantageous framework for systematically understanding the wildlife-related beliefs and interests of various segments of society. This dissertation investigates WVOs and their application across three diverse spectra: culture, methodology, and generations, each addressed in its own manuscript and through research conducted as part of a series of case studies occurring in Arizona. In Chapter II, WVOs are compared across cultures; specifically, this chapter explores possible differences and similarities in WVOs between Latinos and Caucasians. In addition to measuring WVOs, this study collected information about life values, wildlife-related attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral intentions. Results indicated that Latinos perceive wildlife differently than Caucasians; however there was significant heterogeneity within Latino communities in the way ii they interacted with and related to wildlife. These findings provide managerial insight into engaging Latino communities in wildlife conservation issues as well as offer theoretical contributions by expanding the application of the WVO concept cross-culturally. In Chapter III, we introduce and test a mixed methods approach for measuring WVOs within Latino communities. As agencies are increasingly charged with managing wildlife for a broader clientele, including people of diverse demographic and cultural backgrounds, it raises questions about the potential limitations of traditional survey methodologies for cross-cultural WVO assessment. In the interest of addressing this concern we examined WVOs in Latino communities in Arizona using two quantitative and two qualitative methodologies. We found evidence that traditional quantitative WVO surveys may still be reliable for diverse audiences; however, we also identify scenarios wherein other methodologies may be advantageous. In Chapter IV, WVOs are compared across generations. As various cohorts of people across time experience different societal conditions believed to play a role in WVO formation, they can be grouped according to similar formative experiences. These generations experience various levels of urbanization, affluence, education, and technology, all contributing to distinctive life values. Concurrent with modernization is a value shift that is altering the way people perceive and interact with wildlife, specifically increasing the egalitarian perception that wildlife may serve as potential companions capable of trusting relationships with humans and who deserve caring and rights similar to those of humans. We confirmed there is a differential in the way generations perceive wildlife, suggesting agencies may want to consider engaging each cohort differently, according to how they relate to wildlife. These findings may assist agencies as they continue to engage broader constituencies and attempt to remain salient to younger generations. iii Overall, we found WVO theory to be a functional and robust framework for examining people’s perceptions of wildlife across cultures, methodologies, and generations. Because of its durability, WVO theory shows promise for unifying research on human-wildlife relationships in a way that transcends space, time, and contextual situations. Additionally, WVOs have the practical utility of helping agencies understand the social context of wildlife conservation, and may assist agencies in comprehending changing societal conditions so they may be better prepared for the future of wildlife conservation. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS High quality investigations are rarely attained via unilateral efforts; collaboration, critique, and compromise are necessary to generate research that is acceptable to the scientific community as a whole. Resultantly, I would like to thank my committee individually and collectively for all the hard work that they have done on my behalf. I have learned a great deal about science and life from these individuals and I am deeply indebted to them. Tara Teel, in particular, should be acknowledged for countless hours advising and counseling me to coax out the refined product that lay beneath the crude initial drafts. The sacrifices that my family has made to make this dissertation possible are considerable. Logan and McKay, you are the best two boys a dad could hope for and I am looking forward to reallocating the time devoted to accomplish this task toward the nobler endeavor of being a better dad. Finally, I would be remiss if I did not specifically recognize the contributions of my cherished wife Rebecca. She is the source of great theoretical discussion, moral support, and is the best editor a writer could hope for. I have been simultaneously enchanted and bewildered by her since 8th grade algebra. In three and a half decades of life, marrying her was the best decision that I have ever made. I thank her for her devotion to making me a better person in every aspect and I hope someday I can make it up to her. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................v I. INTRODUCTION TO THE DISSERTATION 2 Dissertation Organization and Purpose ......................................................................................4 Literature Cited ..........................................................................................................................6 II. Wildlife value orientations among Latinos: Managerial and theoretical implications for engaging diverse audiences 8 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................8 Introduction ................................................................................................................................9 Conceptual Background ...........................................................................................................11 Methods....................................................................................................................................20 Results ......................................................................................................................................25 Discussion ................................................................................................................................29 Future Research Needs ............................................................................................................35 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................43 III. A comparison of quantitative and qualitative methods to measure wildlife value orientations among diverse audiences: A case study of Latinos in the American Southwest 49 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................48 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................49 Methods....................................................................................................................................54 Results ......................................................................................................................................61 Discussion ................................................................................................................................65 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................74 IV. Wildlife value orientations across generations: Evidence for a cross-temporal shift 87 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................87 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................88