∗ THE ART AND CRAFT OF STRATEGIC LEGAL RESEARCH © 2004 The Writing Center at GULC. All Rights Reserved. You have waited a long time for this day . your first day working in a professional law office! Eager to dive in and begin to practice, you meet with a supervising attorney who gives you your very first assignment. But the meeting is nothing like you expected. It lasts fewer than five minutes, during which the attorney hands you a manila file and provides a quick synopsis of the matter. Surprised, you leave the office with only the most general impression of what is going on in the case. You are expected to turn in a completed memorandum in two days—and you are terrified that you have misunderstood the attorney’s main question. Confused, you return to your office, and start your research. You do not have much time. And you are not sure where or how to begin. * * * * * Although this uncomfortable situation befalls many law students and new lawyers, it need not happen to you! This document is designed to help you confidently conduct efficient and accurate legal research in any setting. Whether you are working in a clinical program, a judge’s chambers, a non-profit organization, a private firm, or a classroom, these guidelines will help you devise an effective strategy for researching any legal issue, no matter how unfamiliar. Is Legal Research Different in a Law Office than it is in Law School? Substantively, no. Regardless of the setting, your research always should be thorough and accurate. However, there are several practical differences between the academic and professional environments that might affect how we approach our legal research: • Time: You have more time to complete your assignments in school than you will in most professional settings. • Resources: Online legal research is quite costly—once you leave Georgetown, Lexis and Westlaw no longer will be free. Because of this, some employers prefer that you use the books to conduct most of your research, and then use an online service to update your law. ∗ By Sharon Nokes and Tanya Stern • Second Chances: In law school—as in any academic setting—your professors encourage you to learn through trial and error. You experienced this in your first-year Legal Research & Writing class by accomplishing “draft” and “final” versions of your interoffice memorandum and appellate court brief. In the “real world,” however, it saves time and money to get your research right the first time. These real-world differences are significant. While it always is wise to have a thoughtful research strategy in place before you begin to research, it is especially critical to take this first step in the professional setting, to ensure accurate and timely results. The following pages provide a step-by- step guide to effective workplace (and scholarly) legal research. Research Strategy Step 1: Confirm the Topic and Scope of Your Assignment Your research process begins during the initial meeting with your assigning attorney, who is one of your most valuable research sources. Although she may not know the substantive law associated with your assignment, your assigning attorney likely has thought a great deal about the case, and probably has considered potential arguments and issues that you can explore. With this in mind, there are several techniques you can use to maximize this important resource: Listen carefully to the attorney as she describes your client’s situation. What are the key facts of this case? What is the jurisdiction? What legal issues is she asking you to research? In other words . what is the question presented? Ask thoughtful questions to refine both the legal issue and the scope of the assignment. When the assigning attorney identifies the issues to research, consider repeating those issue statements back to her to ensure that you understand them. Most important—do not be afraid to ask your assigning attorney to clarify confusing facts and/or issues. Do not be shy! Sometimes, these meetings function not only as “assigning” sessions, but also as “brainstorming” sessions. Your questions might help the assigning attorney to formulate the legal problem more precisely; this, in turn, will make your research much more focused. Take careful notes during the discussion. You will use these notes extensively during your pre-research phase, will consult them periodically during your research and writing process— and may even revisit them weeks or months later in conjunction with follow-up assignments. Practice Tip#1 Before leaving the meeting, glance at your notes and confirm that, at minimum, you understand the key facts of your case; the jurisdiction; the type of issue you will research; the scope of your assignment; the format and length of the final product; and the due date. 2 Research Strategy Step Two: Pre-research After receiving the assignment, your first instinct might be to log on to Westlaw or Lexis and immediately begin to research. Resist the temptation—this probably is not the best use of your valuable time! Because you (and your employer) want your research and writing to be both time-efficient and cost-efficient, consider taking some time to strategize before you dive in. Thoughtful pre-research is essential to effective and accurate legal research and writing. The following pre-research strategy provides one way to ensure that your research will be efficient and that your final product will be on-point: Create a written summary of your assignment. This summary should include the key facts and issues that you have been asked to research. It also may include open questions or ancillary issues that you need to answer or explore during your research phase. Share your summary with the assigning attorney and ask whether you have properly understood the assignment. Do not be alarmed if she corrects or changes your summary; it is very possible that your perspective has inspired her to generate further questions and issues to research. If the assigning attorney is not available, consider sharing your summary with a colleague, who also might think of some different angles to explore. Craft a research plan. Once you confident that you understand the scope of your assignment, it is extremely helpful to spend time crafting a thoughtful research plan. A research plan is more than a quick list of search terms—it also is a “plan of attack” that will guide where to begin and end your legal research. Taking time to create a well-thought-out research plan will pay dividends later on for several reasons: - First, research plans help you to isolate legally significant facts—the critical facts upon which your case likely will turn. By thinking about those details before you research, you will be better equipped to craft a precise list of research terms—and will save yourself a great deal of time in the long run. - Second, research plans help you to preliminarily organize your legal argument. In most cases there are substantive or jurisdictional threshold questions, whose answers will impact the direction and content of your entire assignment. Researching and answering those questions first could provide a framework for conducting the rest of your research. For example, if your client’s standing to bring suit is unclear, you may use frame your research and subsequent legal analysis around this critical threshold issue. - Third, research plans help you to explore your issue from different perspectives. By viewing your problem from different angles, you will be well-equipped to structure a logical research process. For example: o You may be more comfortable tackling your research from the “outside-in,” working from an overarching question down to the details. Some writers prefer tackling regulatory or policy questions this way, examining legislative intent and statutory language first, and then analyzing whether a precise regulation or factual situation at issue comports with Congress’ mandate. 3 o Other times, working from the “inside-out” might be more intuitive. Some writers feel more comfortable analyzing common-law problems this way, building case upon case to create a cohesive legal argument. By using your instincts to structure your research plan, you will feel more at-home with your research. - Finally, a well-structured research plan likely will provide the analytical framework for your final, written work product. By thinking strategically from the beginning, you will be able to organize and draft your assignment more quickly. Practice Tip #2 Research plans are wonderful research and writing tools, which vary from person to person. Here are a few ideas you can combine or use individually to help craft your own research plan: Idea A: Write what you believe to be the answer to the assigning attorney’s question. Follow your instincts, use your commonsense and what you have learned from other assignments and in law school—and be as detailed as possible. You also might consider noting your opponent’s potential arguments, to ensure that you are aware of both sides of the issue throughout your research. Extract the key terms from your answer and use them to generate more search terms for your research. Idea B: Create a chart that includes the following columns: who, what, where, when, why and how. Fill in the chart with as many details from your case as possible. Take note of any areas where you think you need more information or clarification from the assigning attorney and ask those questions as appropriate. These details will eventually become some of your search terms. Idea C: Break the issue down into several questions and write them down, incorporating the facts of your case into each one. This will give you a number of smaller issues to focus on when you research.