CASTE, CONFLICT, AND ID EOLOGY MAHATMA JOTIRAO PHULE AND LOW CAS TE PROTEST IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY WESTERN INDIA ROSALIND O’HANLON Research Fellow, Clare College University of Cambridge The right of the University of Cambridge to prim and sell all maurer of books »as granted by Henry VIII in 1334. The Universtiy has printed and published continuously since 1584. CAMBRIDGE UN IVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE MELBO URNE SYDNEY CONTEN TS Acknowledgements Page ix Notes on translations and area under study, with map xii-xiv Part 1 Introduction 1 L ow caste protest in nineteenth-century western India 3 Part 2 Religion and society under early British rule 2 From warrior traditions to nineteenth-century Politics: structure, ideology, and identity in the Maratha-kunbi caste complex 15 3 The crisis of Cultural legitimacy: missionaries, reformers, and Hindu society in the mid-nineteenth Century 50 4 The growth of religious reform opinion in western India 88 Part 3 Jotirao Phule and his circle: the emergence of a distinctive radical voice 5 Student radicals in mid-nineteenth-century western India 105 6 Christianity and the attack on caste in Phule’s early writing 122 Part 4 The creation of a lower caste identity in history and popular Culture, 1869-73 7 Ritual status and political conflict in later nineteenth- century Maharashtra 135 8 The Aryan invasions and the origins of caste society 141 9 Warriors and cultivators: the reinterpretation of popular Culture 152 10 Maratha history as polemic: low caste ideology and political debate in late nineteenth-century Maharashtra 164 Part 5 The lower caste community in Contemporary society 11 Religious emancipation and political competition 189 12 Social protest and the construction of a religious ethic 193 13 Traditional Privileges and new skills: Phule’s analysis of the nature of Brahman power 206 14 The Satyashodhak Samaj in the 1870s 220 vii viii Contents Part 6 Ideology and the non-Brahman movement in the 1880s 15 Phule’s polemic in the 1880s: the ideological construction of rural life and labour 255 16 The non-Brahman movement in the 1880s 274 17 Epilogue: ideology and Politics in nineteenth-century western India 303 Bibliographie note 309 Bibliography 311 Glossary 317 Index 321.