Ph.D. THESIS Ethics of Lifelog Technology By Tim Jacquemard, B.A., M.A. School of Computing Supervisors: Prof. Bert Gordijn Prof. Alan F. Smeaton September, 2014 Dublin City University Declaration I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Ph.D. is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: ID No.: Date: Acknowledgements As I have come to see, a Ph.D. is never the work of one person, but the result of the combined efforts of many. Firstly, I am thankful to my supervisors, Alan and Bert, for their guidance and feedback throughout the process. Special thanks to Bart, Elizabeth, Fiachra, Jurjen, Peter, Renaat, and Wouter for their invaluable contributions as editors and/or technical support. Lastly, I would like to show my warm gratitude to Louise, my parents, my sister, my family and friends in Dublin, the Netherlands, and beyond. I am incredibly fortunate to have such a loving and supportive environment. Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................ i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ ii 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research question ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Relevance ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Methodology....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Consequentialism .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Deontology ............................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.3 Prima facie principles ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.3.4 Scope for intersubjectivity .................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.5 Mid-level principles ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.6 Ethical assessment .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Outline .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................. 15 PROLEGOMENA .......................................................................................................................... 18 2 THE TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 19 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Definition of a lifelog ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Lifelog devices and applications ........................................................................................................ 21 2.3 Current state of lifelogs ..................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Brief history and current state of lifelogs ........................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Purposes .............................................................................................................................................. 24 2.3.3 Users ................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.4 Sources of data .................................................................................................................................... 26 2.4 Future development .......................................................................................................................... 27 2.5 Scenario ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................. 33 3 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 37 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Method ............................................................................................................................................. 37 3.2 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 40 3.2.1 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Opportunities ...................................................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Liberty ................................................................................................................................................. 49 3.3.2 Decision-making .................................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.3 Imposed identities ............................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.4 Health and environment ..................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.5 Corporations as actors ........................................................................................................................ 56 3.3.6 The choice of keeping lifelogs ............................................................................................................. 57 3.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 60 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................. 61 BEING A LIFELOGGER ............................................................................................................. 68 4 PRIVACY .................................................................................................................................... 69 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 69 4.1 Concept of privacy............................................................................................................................. 69 4.1.1 Access based accounts of privacy ....................................................................................................... 69 4.1.2 Control based accounts of privacy ...................................................................................................... 71 4.1.3 Restricted Access/Limited Control ...................................................................................................... 72 4.1.4 Normatively private situations ............................................................................................................ 74 4.1.5 Control and privacy ............................................................................................................................