GXP-1701 Composite Fibrin Scaffold for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor Science By ___________________ Alexandra Burr ___________________ Anthony Campagna ___________________ Janine Fatal ___________________ James Lin ___________________ Elizabeth van Zyl Advisors: ___________________ Professor George Pins ___________________ Professor Jeannine Coburn April 27, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Authorship .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 8 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.0 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1 Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) ....................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Current Treatment Methods for VML........................................................................................ 15 2.1.2 Clinical Need ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Skeletal Muscle ................................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Structure and Properties ............................................................................................................. 18 2.2.2 Skeletal Muscle Regeneration .................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds............................................................................................................ 24 2.3.1 Current Scaffold Technology ..................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Biophysical and Biochemical Cues in Scaffolds ....................................................................... 34 2.3.3 Controlling the Release of Growth Factors ................................................................................ 42 2.4 Summary and Need ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.0 Project Strategy ..................................................................................................................................... 48 3.1 Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 Initial Client Statement ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Constraints ........................................................................................................................................ 50 3.4 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 51 3.5 Quantitative Analysis of Objectives ................................................................................................. 55 3.6 Functions and Specifications ............................................................................................................ 57 3.6.1 Function 1: Fabricated with over 90% success and require under 2 hours user labor ............... 57 3.6.2 Function 2: Promotes Cellular Viability .................................................................................... 58 3.6.3 Function 3: Prolongs Degradation to Preserve Partial Structural Integrity for Two Weeks ...... 59 3.6.4 Function 4: Promotes Nuclear Alignment Along Fibrin Threads at Angles <10 Degrees Relative to the Thread ......................................................................................................................... 60 3.6.5 Function 5: Releases 10 ng of FGF-2 over a period of two weeks ............................................ 60 3.7 Engineering Standards ...................................................................................................................... 61 3.8 Revised Client Statement .................................................................................................................. 63 4.0 The Design Process ............................................................................................................................... 64 4.1 Needs Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 64 4.2 Design Alternatives ........................................................................................................................... 65 4.2.1 Fabrication Optimization Means ................................................................................................ 66 4.2.2 Cellular Survival Means............................................................................................................. 67 4.2.3 Prolong Degradation Means ....................................................................................................... 72 4.2.4 Promote Aligned Myogenesis Means ........................................................................................ 74 4.2.5 Controlled Release Means ......................................................................................................... 78 4.3 Means Evaluation .............................................................................................................................. 83 4.4 Feasible designs ................................................................................................................................ 85 4.5 Final Design ...................................................................................................................................... 90 5.0 Design Verification ............................................................................................................................... 90 1 5.1 Composite Fabrication Optimization ................................................................................................ 91 5.2 Cellular Viability .............................................................................................................................. 96 5.3 Degradation Study .......................................................................................................................... 100 5.4 Alignment analysis .......................................................................................................................... 103 5.5 Release Characterization ................................................................................................................. 107 5.6 FGF-2 Functional Assay ................................................................................................................. 110 6.0 Final Design and Validation ............................................................................................................... 111 6.1 Overview of Composite Fabrication ............................................................................................... 111 6.2 Impact Analysis of Device .............................................................................................................. 117 6.2.1 Economic Impact ..................................................................................................................... 117 6.2.2 Environmental Impact .............................................................................................................. 118 6.2.3 Health and Safety Impact ......................................................................................................... 119 6.2.4 Societal Impact ......................................................................................................................... 120 6.2.5 Political Impact ........................................................................................................................ 120 6.2.6 Ethical Impact .......................................................................................................................... 121 6.2.7 Manufacturing Impact .............................................................................................................. 121 6.2.8 Sustainability ............................................................................................................................ 121 7.0 Discussion 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